Development of Peptide-Based Probes for Molecular Imaging of the Postsynaptic Density in the Brain.

The postsynaptic density (PSD) comprises numerous scaffolding proteins, receptors, and signaling molecules that coordinate synaptic transmission in the brain. Postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) is a master scaffold protein within the PSD and one of its most abundant proteins and therefore constitutes a very attractive biomarker of PSD function and its pathological changes. Here, we exploit a high-affinity inhibitor of PSD-95, AVLX-144, as a template for developing probes for molecular imaging of the PSD.

Excessive sucrose consumption reduces synaptic density and increases cannabinoid receptors in Göttingen minipigs.

Diets high in sucrose and fat are becoming more prevalent the world over, accompanied by a raised prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Clinical studies link unhealthy diets with the development of mental health disorders, particularly depression. Here, we investigate the effects of 12 days of sucrose consumption administered as 2 L of 25% sucrose solution daily for 12 days in Göttingen minipigs on the function of brain receptors involved in reward and motivation, regulating feeding, and pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms.

A single dose of cocaine raises SV2A density in hippocampus of adolescent rats.

Objective: Cocaine is a highly addictive psychostimulant that affects synaptic activity with structural and functional adaptations of neurons. The transmembrane synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) of pre-synaptic vesicles is commonly used to measure synaptic density, as a novel approach to the detection of synaptic changes. We do not know if a single dose of cocaine suffices to affect pre-synaptic SV2A density, especially during adolescence when synapses undergo intense maturation.

A SPECT-based method for dynamic imaging of the glymphatic system in rats.

The glymphatic system is a brain-wide waste drainage system that promotes cerebrospinal fluid circulation through the brain to remove waste metabolites. Currently, the most common methods for assessing glymphatic function are fluorescence microscopy of brain slices, macroscopic cortical imaging, and MRI. While all these methods have been crucial for expanding our understanding of the glymphatic system, new techniques are required to overcome their specific drawbacks.

Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A: Features and Functions.

In recent years, the field of neuroimaging dramatically moved forward by means of the expeditious development of specific radioligands of novel targets. Among these targets, the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) is a transmembrane protein of synaptic vesicles, present in all synaptic terminals, irrespective of neurotransmitter content. It is involved in key functions of neurons, focused on the regulation of neurotransmitter release.

Dorsal striatal dopamine induces fronto-cortical hypoactivity and attenuates anxiety and compulsive behaviors in rats.

Dorsal striatal dopamine transmission engages the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit, which is implicated in many neuropsychiatric diseases, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Yet it is unknown if dorsal striatal dopamine hyperactivity is the cause or consequence of changes elsewhere in the CSTC circuit. Classical pharmacological and neurotoxic manipulations of the CSTC and other brain circuits suffer from various drawbacks related to off-target effects and adaptive changes.

Validation and optimisation of an automatic blood sampler for preclinical positron emission tomography research in domestic pigs.

In preclinical positron emission tomography animal studies, continuous blood sampling is used to measure the time course of the activity concentration in arterial blood. However, pigs have hypercoagulable blood that tends to clot inside plastic tubes. We tested several tube materials and lengths and the use of three-way connectors.

Blocking of efflux transporters in rats improves translational validation of brain radioligands.

Background: Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technique that can be used to investigate the in vivo pharmacology of drugs. Initial preclinical evaluation of PET tracers is often conducted in rodents due to the accessibility of disease models as well as economic considerations. Compared to larger species, rodents display a higher expression and/or activity of efflux transporters such as the P-glycoprotein (P-gp).

Preclinical PET Studies of [C]UCB-J Binding in Minipig Brain.

Purpose: Loss of neuronal synapse function is associated with a number of brain disorders. The [C]UCB-J positron emission tomography (PET) tracer allows for in vivo examination of synaptic density, as it binds to synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) expressed in presynaptic terminals. Here, we characterise [C]UCB-J imaging in Göttingen minipigs.

Dexmedetomidine enhances glymphatic brain delivery of intrathecally administered drugs.

Drug delivery to the central nervous system remains a major problem due to biological barriers. The blood-brain-barrier can be bypassed by administering drugs intrathecally directly to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The glymphatic system, a network of perivascular spaces promoting fluid exchange between CSF and interstitial space, could be utilized to enhance convective drug delivery from the CSF to the parenchyma.

The Chemogenetic Receptor Ligand Clozapine N-Oxide Induces Neuroreceptor Occupancy and Reduces Striatal Glutamate Levels.

Chemogenetic studies with the ligand clozapine N-oxide (CNO) are predicated upon the assumption that CNO is devoid of actions at natural neuroreceptors. However, recent evidence shows that CNO may be converted back to clozapine (CLZ) , which could yield plasma concentrations that may be sufficient to occupy inter alia dopamine D and serotonin 5HT receptors in living brain. To test this phenomenon, we measured striatal dopamine D receptor occupancy with [F]fallypride PET and serotonin 5HT occupancy using [F]MH.

Development and Evaluation of Two Potential 5-HT Receptor PET Tracers: [F]ENL09 and [F]ENL10.

The latest addition to the serotonin (5-HT) receptor family is the 5-HT receptor (5-HTR). This receptor has gained interest as a drug target due to its involvement in various disorders such as depression or schizophrenia. There is currently no clinically validated positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for the 5-HTR available.