Clonal shift and impact of azithromycin use on antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bloodstream infection during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Staphylococcus aureus is a relevant pathogen in bloodstream infections (BSI), and the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic increased its antimicrobial resistance. S. aureus isolates from BSI (September/2019 - March/2021) were analyzed phenotypically and molecularly, in addition to the clinical features of the patients.

Can habits and behaviors predict colonization by community-associated MRSA in patients admitted to a Brazilian hospital?

This study aimed to identify factors associated with colonization by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in adult patients admitted to a Brazilian hospital. This is a cross-sectional study, in which patients underwent a nasal swab and were asked about hygiene behavior, habits, and clinical history. Among the 702 patients, 180 (25.

Systemic infection caused by the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300-LV lineage in a Brazilian child previously colonized.

The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300-Latin American variant (USA300-LV) lineage is well documented in northern Latin American countries. It has replaced established clones in hospital environments. We herein report a systemic infection caused by a USA300-LV isolate in a 15-year-old boy, from a low-income area of Rio de Janeiro, previously colonized by the same strain.

Pandemic clone USA300 in a Brazilian hospital: detection of an emergent lineage among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bloodstream infections.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of bloodstream infections (BSI) worldwide. In Brazil, the hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus USA100/SCCmecII lineage replaced the previously well-established clones.

High rate of neonates colonized by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species in an Intensive Care Unit.

Introduction: Staphylococcal colonization is a risk factor for healthcare-associated infections, which are frequent in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU). This study analyzed microbiology, epidemiology and clinical aspects of Staphylococcus spp. colonizing neonates.

Daptomycin and vancomycin non-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal lineages from bloodstream infection in a Brazilian teaching hospital.

Introduction: This study aimed to characterize Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bloodstream infections in patients attending a teaching hospital, between 2011 and 2015.

Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration for daptomycin, linezolid, oxacillin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was accessed by broth microdilution. SCCmec type and clonal profile were determined by molecular tests.

Characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients on admission to a teaching hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Background: Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are associated with greater mortality and morbidity; however, risk factors for community-acquired infections caused by MRSA have not been established. Therefore, community patients who are admitted to hospitals without the necessary contact precautions and are infected with community-acquired lineages eventually cause these lineages to spread to these settings. The aim of this study was to detect community-acquired lineages of MRSA in patients on admission to a Brazilian teaching hospital.

Complete substitution of the Brazilian endemic clone by other methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages in two public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of bloodstream infections. Therefore, the main purpose of this work was to characterize a collection of 139 S. aureus isolates from bloodstream infections in two public hospitals in relation to their antimicrobial susceptibility profile, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types, and clonal relationship.

Mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates after an SPM-1 metallo-β-lactamase producing strain subsided in an intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Brazil.

Carbapenem-resistance mechanisms are a challenge in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. We investigated changes in P. aeruginosa carbapenem-resistance determinants over a time period of eight years after the emergence of São Paulo metallo-β-lactamase in a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics of Heteroresistant and Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus from Bloodstream Infections in a Brazilian Teaching Hospital.

This study analyzed clinical and microbiological characteristics of heteroresistant (hVISA) and vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) from bloodstream infections (BSI) in a Brazilian teaching hospital, between 2011 and 2013. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of antimicrobials were determined by broth microdilution method and SCCmec was detected by PCR. Isolates with a vancomycin MIC ≥ 2mg/L were cultured on BHI agar with 3, 4 or 6 mg/L (BHIa3, BHIa4 or BHIa6) of vancomycin and BHIa4 with casein (BHIa4ca).

Clostridium difficile infection among immunocompromised patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and detection of moxifloxacin resistance in a ribotype 014 strain.

Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive spore forming anaerobic bacterium, often associated with nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. The acquisition of this organism occurs primarily in hospitals through accidental ingestion of spores, and its establishment and proliferation in the colon results from the removal of members of the normal intestinal flora during or after antibiotic therapy. In this study, stool samples from patients admitted to the University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCCF/UFRJ) were screened for C.

Dissemination of Acinetobacter nosocomialis clone among critically ill patients and the environment.

We examined the environmental dissemination of Acinetobacter nosocomialis multilocus sequence typing clonal complex 260/71 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, including water from a dam and food samples. The increasing use of sequence based methods has demonstrated a large, previously unpredicted, dissemination of bacteria that may serve as opportunistic pathogens.

Tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole at clinical laboratory: can they help to characterize Staphylococcus aureus carrying different SCCmec types?

Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be difficult to detect at the clinical practice.

Methods: We analyzed 140 MRSA isolates from inpatients to correlate the antimicrobial susceptibility with the SCCmec types.

Results: Type III (n = 63) isolates were more resistant to ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, cloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, and rifampin than type IV (n = 65) ones (p < 0.

Imported and intensive care unit-born Acinetobacter baumannii clonal complexes: one-year prospective cohort study in intensive care patients.

The main objective of this study was to assess the frequency and possible sources of colonization and infection by Acinetobacter in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and characterize the isolates for relatedness to internationally and locally disseminated lineages. Patients consecutively admitted to the ICU from April 2007 to April 2008 were screened for colonization and infection. Species were identified by rpoB sequencing.

Baseline platelet count and creatinine clearance rate predict the outcome of neutropenia-related invasive aspergillosis.

Background: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening infection for immunocompromised patients. Improvement in IA outcome has been hampered by lack of early prognostic factors, namely, those available before starting chemotherapy (baseline) or early in the course of IA (nonbaseline). We hypothesized that prognostic factors can be identified before chemotherapy, ≤7 days from the first positive serum Aspergillus galactomannan index (s-GMI).

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus lugdunensis carrying SCCmec type V misidentified as MRSA.

Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a rare cause of severe infections and clinical manifestations are similar to those related to S. aureus infection. We describe a hospital-acquired bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus lugdunensis, misidentified as methicillin-resistant S.

Probable invasive aspergillosis without prespecified radiologic findings: proposal for inclusion of a new category of aspergillosis and implications for studying novel therapies.

Background: The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and the Mycosis Study Group (MSG) definition of invasive aspergillosis used in clinical trials lacks sensitivity. We hypothesize that giving lower weight to the prespecified radiologic findings in patients with a positive serum galactomannan index test result will improve the definition's diagnostic sensitivity.

Methods: The medical records of 121 patients with 125 cases of invasive aspergillosis treated at a referral cancer institute from January 2003 through December 2009 were reviewed.

A cluster of Listeria monocytogenes infections in hospitalized adults.

Background: Listeriosis occurs mainly in persons at extremes of age and with immunocompromising conditions. It is believed that most cases of listeriosis are acquired in the community. A cluster of listeriosis in hospitalized patients prompted the present investigation.

Case-crossover study of Burkholderia cepacia complex bloodstream infection associated with contaminated intravenous bromopride.

Objective: To investigate an outbreak of healthcare-associated Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) primary bloodstream infections (BCC-BSI).

Design And Setting: Case-crossover study in a public hospital, a university hospital and a private hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from March 2006 to May 2006.

Patients: Twenty-five patients with BCC-BSI.

Polyclonal presence of non-multiresistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates carrying SCCmec IV in health care-associated infections in a hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Change in epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was observed because of the emergence of infections by non-multiresistant MRSA (nMRSA) in our hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Clinical characterization and molecular analysis of 20 nMRSA isolates recovered from 17 patients, between February 2005 and March 2006, were performed. The analysis included SCCmec (staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus restriction fragment, and multilocus sequence typing.

Endemic extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae at an intensive care unit: risk factors for colonization and infection.

A prospective cohort study was undertaken to describe the epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBLKp) acquisition at an intensive care unit (ICU) in a non-outbreak setting. Surveillance for ESBLKp colonization and infection was performed in patients admitted at the ICU from January, 2000, to May, 2001. Screening for ESBLKp intestinal colonization was done by culturing rectal swab specimens at admission, 72 hr after admission and weekly until discharge or detection of ESBLKp.

Risk factors for acquisition of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing SPM metallo-beta-lactamase.

To evaluate risk factors for colonization or infection due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPa) carrying the bla(SPM) gene (SPM-MRDPa) among hospitalized patients, we undertook a case control study at a 480-bed, tertiary-care university hospital. Two different case definitions were used. In the first definition, a case patient (SPM case patient) was defined as a patient who had at least one isolate of SPM-MDRPa (14 patients).

Occurrence of a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clone in different hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial infections are increasingly recognized worldwide. The existence of metallo-beta-lactamase- and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing isolates exhibiting resistance to most beta-lactam antimicrobial agents greatly complicates the clinical management of patients infected with such isolates. Since 1998, P.