Understanding the fascial supporting network of the breast: key ligamentous structures in breast augmentation and a proposed system of nomenclature.

Background: The fascial system of the breast has, to date, only been described in general terms. This anatomical study has developed two distinct methods for better defining existing breast structures such as the inframammary fold, as well as defining previously unnamed ligamentous structures.

Methods: The authors harvested and examined 40 frozen, entire chest wall cadavers.

Preventing venous congestion of the nipple-areola complex: an anatomical guide to preserving essential venous drainage networks.

Background: Venous congestion leading to partial or total nipple necrosis is a relatively uncommon complication of breast reduction and mastopexy procedures but still occurs, particularly in larger reduction procedures. This is largely preventable if the surgeon has an understanding of the venous drainage to the nipple and carefully preserves it.

Methods: An anatomical study was undertaken on 16 fresh female cadaveric breast specimens.