Effect of the solid state fermentation of cocoa shell on the secondary metabolites, antioxidant activity, and fatty acids.

During cocoa ( L.) processing, the accumulated cocoa shell can be used for bioconversion to obtain valuable compounds. Here, we evaluate the effect of solid-state fermentation of cacao flour with on secondary metabolite composition, phenol, carotenoid, anthocyanin, flavonol, and fatty acids contents, and antioxidant activity.

Toxicological evaluation of essential oil from the leaves of Croton tetradenius (Euphorbiaceae) on Aedes aegypti and Mus musculus.

For control of Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue, botanical insecticides can be a viable alternative. Herein, we evaluated the chemical composition and insecticidal activity of the essential oils of the leaves of Croton tetradenius on Ae. aegypti larvae and adults.

Daily ingestion of tetracycline residue present in pasteurized milk: a public health problem.

The objective of this study was to evaluate (qualitatively and quantitatively) the occurrence of antibiotic residue in pasteurized milk in Brazil. Pasteurized milk samples (n = 252) were collected monthly from Nov. 2010-Oct.

New naphthoquinones and an alkaloid with in vitro activity against Toxoplasma gondii RH and EGS strains.

The efficacy of three amino-terpenyl naphthoquinones and the alkaloid liriodenine were examined against tachyzoites and tissues cysts of the RH and EGS strains, respectively. Monolayers of 2C4 fibroblasts infected with tachyzoites of the RH strain were incubated with different concentrations of the compounds for 48 h. Specifically, 7-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-2-pyrrolidine-[1,4]-naphthoquinone (QUI-5), 6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-2-pyrrolidine-[1,4]-naphthoquinone (QUI-6), 6-(4-methylpentyl)-2-pyrrolidine-[1,4]-naphthoquinone (QUI-11), and 8 h-benzo[g]-1,3-benzodioxolo[6,5,4-de]quinolin-8-one,9Cl-1,2-methylene dioxiaporfina (liriodenine) inhibited intracellular replication of T.

New cytotoxic furoquinones obtained from terpenyl-1,4-naphthoquinones and 1,4-anthracenediones.

A series of new furoterpenyl-1,4-naphtho(anthra)quinones have been prepared via oxidative cyclization of the corresponding 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl-1,4-naphtho(anthra)quinones. Depending on the reaction conditions the 1,2-quinones or the 1,4-quinones were obtained. Several new furo-1,4-anthraquinones were also obtained by condensation of 2,3-dichloroquinones with 1,3-dicarbonyls.

Synthesis and cytotoxicity of new aminoterpenylquinones.

Several 6(7)-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones (NQ) have been prepared by cycloaddition reactions between the monoterpene alpha-myrcene and p-benzoquinones and halogen and nitrogen-containing functional groups have been introduced at the C-2 position of the naphthoquinone ring via nucleophilic addition or substitution reactions. These substituents at positions 2/3 of the NQ clearly influence the cytotoxic potency of this type of compound. Of particular interest is substitution by arylamino, specifically p-oxyarylamino, groups, which considerably enhance their bioactivity and selectivity.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of cytotoxic 6(7)-alkyl-2-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinones.

Various Diels Alder cycloaddition conditions have been used to optimise the preparation of cytotoxic 6-alkyl-1, 4-naphthoquinones, which were subsequently transformed into 6(7)-alkyl-2-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinones. The compounds thus prepared were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against several neoplastic cultured cell lines and some of them showed IC50 values below the microM level.