European Society of Pediatric Radiology survey of perioperative imaging in pediatric liver transplantation: (3) postoperative imaging.

Background: Liver transplantation is the state-of-the-art curative treatment for end-stage liver disease. Imaging is a key element in the detection of postoperative complications. So far, limited data is available regarding the best radiologic approach to monitor children after liver transplantation.

European Society of Pediatric Radiology survey of perioperative imaging in pediatric liver transplantation: (1) pre-transplant evaluation.

Background: Liver transplantation is the state-of-the-art curative treatment in end-stage liver disease. Imaging is a key element for successful organ-transplantation to assist surgical planning. So far, only limited data regarding the best radiological approach to prepare children for liver transplantation is available.

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous insertion of Broviac lines in infants less than 5kg: Prospective study of 100 consecutive procedures.

Aim: Ultrasound-guided (USG) percutaneous insertion of Broviac lines (cuffed tunnelled silastic central venous catheters, TCVC) has increasingly been adopted throughout the UK. However, vascular access remains a challenge in small babies and in some units is still performed by open cutdown. Our vascular access team, established in 2004, consists of consultant surgeons, anaesthetists and interventional radiologists, who provide all permanent vascular access by the USG technique.

The burden of subclinical cardiovascular disease in children and young adults with chronic kidney disease and on dialysis.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality even in young people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We examined structural and functional CV changes in patients ˂30 years of age with CKD Stages 4 and 5 and on dialysis.

Methods: A total of 79 children and 21 young adults underwent cardiac computed tomography for coronary artery calcification (CAC), ultrasound for carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and echocardiography.

Interventional radiology and open surgery: An effective partnership for solid organ trauma.

Background: Management algorithms of paediatric blunt abdominal solid organ injury (BASOI) are evolving to include interventional radiology, but there are few studies documenting the application and clinical outcomes of cases in children.

Methods: A retrospective case note review of all paediatric BASOI at a single Paediatric Major Trauma Centre was completed. CT scans and injuries have been retrospectively graded according to AAST guidelines.

Bilateral hydroureteronephrosis: A neonatal presentation of bladder duplication.

In a male neonate with bilateral hydroureteronephrosis, the most common surgical diagnosis is posterior urethral valves. This case report describes a male infant with the same presentation, but caused by a very uncommon congenital anomaly. The summation of different imaging modalities allowed a multidisciplinary team of colleagues to define the anatomy: bilateral duplex kidneys draining into separate urinary bladders.

Supratentorial vs infratentorial posterior calvarial distraction osteogenesis for the increase of ICV in children with syndromic or multi-suture craniosynostosis: a retrospective cohort study.

Purpose: Craniosynostosis is the premature and pathological fusion of calvarial sutures. One modality of surgical treatment of syndromic craniosynostosis is posterior calvarial distraction (PCD). This can be either supratentorial or infratentorial.

Congenital intrahepatic aorto-portal fistula presenting with cardiac failure.

Congenital intrahepatic arterio-portal fistulae (cIAPF) are rare, high-flow vascular malformations that usually present with portal hypertension. They almost never cause heart failure, unless there is associated congenital heart disease or the ductus venosus in patent. We present an unusual case of IAPF in an 11-day-old boy, who presented with features of cardiac failure associated with increased N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT pro-BNP).

Liver Tumours in Children: The Hepatologist's View.

Diagnostic and therapeutic innovations have changed the way we now approach liver tumours in children and adolescents. Novel imaging tools, increasing awareness, and surveillance has led to early diagnosis of benign and malignant liver tumours. Multidisciplinary interventions have favourably altered the natural course in some liver tumours.

Biodegradable Stents in the Management of Refractory Esophageal Strictures in Children.

Management of refractory esophageal strictures in children is challenging and mostly involves frequent and prolonged dilatations that are associated with significant physical and psychological complications. Biodegradable stents (BDS) have recently been used and it is particularly attractive in children as stent removal is avoided due to their dissolution. We report our experience with BDS use in 3 children with severe refractory esophageal strictures.

Fifteen-Year Single-Center Experience of Biliary Complications in Liver Trauma Patients: Changes in the Management of Posttraumatic Bile Leak.

Introduction:  Management of posttraumatic bile leak has evolved over time in our unit, from endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) stenting to intraperitoneal drainage (IPD) alone as first-line treatment for intraperitoneal bile leak.

Materials And Methods:  Retrospective review of liver trauma patients from 2002 to 2017. Demographics, time and mode of diagnosis of bile leak, management, and outcome were analyzed of the box plot.

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Insertion for the Management of Portal Hypertension in Children.

Objectives: the aim of the study was to describe our 20-year experience with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) procedures for children with resistant portal hypertension (PHTN).

Methods: Retrospective review of all children that had a TIPSS performed at Birmingham Children's Hospital from January 1, 1995 to January 1, 2015.

Results: Forty children underwent 42 attempted TIPSS for resistant PHTN with recurrent variceal bleeding (n = 35), refractory ascites (n = 4), and hypersplenism (n = 1).

An Unusual Combination of Double Inlet Left Ventricle With Discordant Ventriculoarterial Connections and Bilateral Arterial Ducts.

The presence of bilaterally persistent arterial ducts is an uncommon abnormality. Here, we describe the anatomy and successful management of an unusual patient with bilateral ducts in the setting of double inlet left ventricle, discordant ventriculoarterial connections, aortic atresia, and a severely hypoplastic and serpentine aortic arch.

Truncus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: a unique form of univentricular heart.

We present the first reported case of truncus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into a retro-aortic innominate vein in a neonate in whom successful palliation was performed using a two-staged procedure. An early repair after presentation along with a re-routing of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage at the time of the second stage should be undertaken to optimize the patient's haemodynamic status prior to a Fontan completion.

Autonomic cardio-respiratory reflex reactions and superselective ophthalmic arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma.

Objective: To describe our experience with superselective ophthalmic artery chemotherapy (SOAC) in retinoblastoma and to report the serious adverse cardio-respiratory reactions we have observed.

Methods: SOAC was performed using a standardized protocol for general anesthesia, ophthalmic artery catheterization, and pulsed infusion of melphalan. Adverse reactions were defined as those in which the patient required active treatment to maintain cardio-respiratory stability.

The morphologic left ventricle that requires training by means of pulmonary artery banding before the double-switch procedure for congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is at risk of late dysfunction.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of the double-switch procedure for congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries for patients completing morphologic left ventricle training by means of pulmonary artery banding with the outcome of patients whose morphologic left ventricle did not require training.

Methods: A retrospective study of all patients undergoing the double-switch procedure from 1991 through 2004 was performed. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those not requiring morphologic left ventricle training (n = 33) and those completing morphologic left ventricle training by means of pulmonary artery banding (n = 11).

Creation of aorto-pulmonary window with pulmonary artery band is not good palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Objective: A small sub-group of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) have normal-sized ascending aorta and arch. An alternative to the Norwood I procedure in these patients is the creation of an aorto-pulmonary (AP) window with a distal pulmonary artery band (PAB). We reviewed our experience with this technique and compared outcomes to the Norwood procedure for HLHS.