Differences in bacterial taxa between treatment-naive patients with major depressive disorder and non-affected controls may be related to a proinflammatory profile.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by sadness and anhedonia, but also physical symptoms such as changes in appetite and weight. Gut microbiota has been hypothesized to be involved in MDD through gut-brain axis signaling. Moreover, antidepressants display antibacterial properties in the gastrointestinal tract.

The clinical use of electroencephalography in a general psychiatric setting.

Objective: Electroencephalography (EEG) is used in psychiatric services, however, clinical guidelines do not clearly state when EEG is indicated, and its diagnostic value in psychiatric settings is unclear. We aimed to characterize the clinical use and diagnostic consequences of EEG in a general psychiatric setting to evaluate and optimize its use.

Methods: We performed a quality development project at the psychiatric services of the Central Denmark Region.

[Not Available].

Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a rare complication to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This case report presents a 28-year-old female with schizophrenia in clozapine treatment developing NCSE twice after two different series of ECT treatment. NCSE should be suspected in patients with impairment of consciousness after ECT and requires confirmation with electroencephalogram.

Clinical decision-making style preferences of European psychiatrists: Results from the Ambassadors survey in 38 countries.

Background: While shared clinical decision-making (SDM) is the preferred approach to decision-making in mental health care, its implementation in everyday clinical practice is still insufficient. The European Psychiatric Association undertook a study aiming to gather data on the clinical decision-making style preferences of psychiatrists working in Europe.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey involving a sample of 751 psychiatrists and psychiatry specialist trainees from 38 European countries in 2021, using the Clinical Decision-Making Style - Staff questionnaire and a set of questions regarding clinicians' expertise, training, and practice.

Electroconvulsive Therapy and Risk of Road Traffic Accidents: A Danish Register-Based Cohort Study.

Objective: The aim of the study is to examine whether electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was associated with the subsequent risk of being involved in a road traffic accident.

Methods: A cohort of all 375,435 patients older than 18 years with their first psychiatric hospital contact between 2003 and 2017 in the Danish National Patient Registry was followed for road traffic accidents until December 2018. Associations between ECT and road traffic accidents were examined using Cox regression analyses with multiple adjustments and using propensity score matching on sociodemographic and clinical variables.

Faecal microbiota transplantation from patients with depression or healthy individuals into rats modulates mood-related behaviour.

Differences in gut microbiota composition have been observed in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to healthy individuals. Here, we investigated if faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from patients with MDD into rats could induce a depressive-like phenotype. We performed FMT from patients with MDD (FMT-MDD) and healthy individuals (FMT-Healthy) into male Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) and Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats and assessed depressive-like behaviour.

Treatment of difficult-to-treat depression - clinical guideline for selected interventions.

Background: Difficult-to-treat-depression (DTD) is a clinical challenge. The interventions that are well-established for DTD are not suitable or effective for all the patients. Therefore, more treatment options are highly warranted.

Gut microbiota variations in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder-A systematic review.

Objective: The etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) is multi-factorial and has been associated with a perturbed gut microbiota. Thus, it is therefore of great importance to determine any variations in gut microbiota in patients with MDD.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted including original research articles based on gut microbiota studies performed in patients with MDD.

Long-Term Risk of Developing Dementia After Electroconvulsive Therapy for Affective Disorders.

Objectives: Severe depression is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia, however, whether treatment with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) modify this risk remains unknown.

Methods: In this matched cohort study, 1089 consecutive in-patients with affective disorders, receiving ECT during the period 1982 to 2000, were matched with 3011 in-patients with affective disorders not treated with ECT (non-ECT), and 108,867 individuals randomly selected from the background population. The comparison cohorts were matched on sex, age, and the non-ECT cohort was further matched according to diagnoses and admission period and hospital.

Low-frequency rTMS inhibits the anti-depressive effect of ECT. A pilot study.

Objective: Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the prefrontal cortex has been shown to have a statistically and clinically significant anti-depressant effect. The present pilot study was carried out to investigate if right prefrontal low-frequency rTMS as an add-on to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) accelerates the anti-depressant effect and reduces cognitive side effects.

Methods: In this randomised, controlled, double-blind study, thirty-five patients with major depression were allocated to ECT+placebo or ECT+low-frequency right prefrontal rTMS.

Electroconvulsive Therapy Practice in the Kingdom of Denmark: A Nationwide Register- and Questionnaire-Based Study.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to survey and describe the contemporary practice of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the Kingdom of Denmark (Denmark, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands).

Methods: Data regarding number of ECTs and number of patients with different diagnoses treated with ECT were retrieved from the Danish National Patient Registry. In addition, a 45-item questionnaire was sent to all psychiatric departments practicing ECT in Denmark (n = 26), Greenland (n = 1), and the Faroe Islands (n = 1).

Deep sequencing of hepatitis C virus reveals genetic compartmentalization in cerebrospinal fluid from cognitively impaired patients.

Background & Aims: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes neuropsychiatric impairment and fatigue with recent studies suggesting HCV invasion of the central nervous system (CNS). Our previous finding that endothelial cells from the blood-brain barrier support HCV infection warrants further investigation to elucidate whether the CNS can serve as a reservoir for independent HCV evolution.

Methods: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma from six HCV-infected patients without liver disease or co-morbidities together with plasma from six healthy subjects were profiled for markers of immune activation and viral quasispecies measured by deep sequencing.

Reduced cerebral cortical thickness in Non-cirrhotic patients with hepatitis C.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with fatigue, depression, and cognitive impairment even in the absence of severe liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. HCV has been hypothesised to cause neurodegenerative changes through low-grade neuroinflammation. Our aim was to examine whether cortical thickness (CTh) differs between chronic HCV patients and healthy controls, suggestive of cortical atrophy.

Long-term neuropsychiatric consequences of aseptic meningitis in adult patients.

Aseptic meningitis is considered a benign and self-limiting clinical condition. In contrast to viral encephalitis and bacterial meningitis, the prognosis is usually good. The existing literature is scarce on the potential long-term neuropsychiatric consequences of aseptic meningitis.

[The duration of untreated depression is associated with a poor treatment response].

According to clinical lore the duration of untreated depression is associated with a poor treatment response. This is in accordance with the kindling hypothesis of depression. It is an important subject, since the duration of untreated depression is a potentially modifiable risk factor.

Depressive symptoms are frequent among drug users, but not associated with hepatitis C infection.

Aim: To compare the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms among drug users with and without hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey study carried out at the 2 major drug treatment centres on the island of Funen, Denmark. Participants were drug users presenting to the 2 treatment centres.

[Ketamine for treatment of acute depression].

In clinical trials a single dose of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine has shown a rapid antidepressant effect in patients with treatment-resistant depression and bipolar depression. The implications of glutaminergic mechanisms in depression and the rapid effect of a single dose of ketamine could open new pathways to understand the pathophysiology of depression and the development of novel rapid-acting antidepressant drugs.

Organic delirious states and other psychiatric disorders: lessons for the hepatologists.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is characterized by a wide variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and from a psychiatric perspective its nosological status calls for clarification. According to the ICD-10 classification, it can be classified as delirium due to overt HE's core symptom of clouding of consciousness in increasing degrees. Minimal/covert HE with impairment of neurocognitive function is more difficult to classify and could correspond to Mild Cognitive Impairment or mild degrees of dementia.

[Neuropsychiatric sequelae of viral meningitis in adults].

Viral meningitis is considered to be a benign illness with only mild symptoms. In contrast to viral encephalitis and bacterial meningitis, the prognosis is usually good. However, retrospective studies have demonstrated that patients suffering from viral meningitis may experience cognitive impairment following the acute course of infection.

Evaluation of depression as a risk factor for treatment failure in chronic hepatitis C.

Unlabelled: The Major Depression Inventory (MDI) was used to estimate the value of routine medical interviews in diagnosing major depression among patients receiving peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (n = 325). According to criteria from the MDI and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), 19 patients (6%) had major depression at baseline. An additional 114 (37%) developed depression while on HCV combination therapy, with baseline MDI score and female sex independently predicting the emergence of major depression during treatment in a multivariate analysis.

[Increased prevalence of depression in hepatitis C infection patients].

The prevalence of depression is increased in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Several aetiological mechanisms are thought to be involved, e.g.

[Impaired cognitive function in hepatitis C virus infection].

Impaired cognitive function is commonly seen in patients with hepatitis C-virus (HCV). This might be due to a toxic effect of the virus itself or to neuroinflammatory processes with a direct damaging cerebral effect. The symptoms appear in the pre-cirrhotic stage and impair the patient's level of functioning.