New fluorogenic triacylglycerols as sensors for dynamic measurement of lipid oxidation.

Lipids are major constituents of food but are also highly relevant substructures of drugs and are increasingly applied for the development of lipid-based drug delivery systems. Lipids are prone to oxidative degradation, thus affecting the quality of food or medicines. Therefore, analytical methods or tools that enable the degree of lipid oxidation to be assessed are of utmost importance to guarantee food and drug safety.

Lipidomic Profiling of Common Wheat Flours from 1891-2010.

Wheat lipids are a minor constituent of wheat, with an important influence on its processing properties. While breeding aimed to improve the protein composition of wheat flour, its influence on the lipid composition remains unknown. We therefore analyzed the lipidome of 60 different common wheat () flours representing cultivars registered and grown in Germany from 1891 to 2010.

Analysis of glycerol bound ω-oxo-fatty acids as ω-dioxane-FAME-derivatives.

ω-oxo-fatty acids, also known as aldehydic fatty acids, are major products of fatty acid oxidation and pose potential health risks. When bound to glycerol, ω-oxo-fatty acids (core aldehydes) can be ingested with food. Challenges in GC-MS quantification include the absence of an appropriate internal standard.

Can the AI tools ChatGPT and Bard generate energy, macro- and micro-nutrient sufficient meal plans for different dietary patterns?

Artificial intelligence chatbots based on large language models have recently emerged as an alternative to traditional online searches and are also entering the nutrition space. In this study, we wanted to investigate whether the artificial intelligence chatbots ChatGPT and Bard (now Gemini) can create meal plans that meet the dietary reference intake (DRI) for different dietary patterns. We further hypothesized that nutritional adequacy could be improved by modifying the prompts used.

An overview of food lipids toward food lipidomics.

Increasing evidence regarding lipids' beneficial effects on human health has changed the common perception of consumers and dietary officials about the role(s) of food lipids in a healthy diet. However, lipids are a wide group of molecules with specific nutritional and bioactive properties. To understand their true nutritional and functional value, robust methods are needed for accurate identification and quantification.

Determination of Polar Lipids in Wheat and Oat by a Complementary Approach of Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography and Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Hyphenated with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry.

Cereals contain lipids that fulfill important physiological roles and are associated with stress in the plant. However, many of the specific biological roles of lipids are yet unknown. Comprehensive analysis of these polar lipid categories in whole grain wheat and oat, cereals highly relevant also in nutrition, was performed.

Neolithic culinary traditions revealed by cereal, milk and meat lipids in pottery from Scottish crannogs.

Cereal cultivation in Britain dates back to ca. 4000 BCE, probably introduced by migrant farmers from continental Europe. Widespread evidence for livestock appears in the archaeozoological record, also reflected by ubiquitous dairy lipids in pottery organic residues.

Correction: The dietary impact of the Norman Conquest: A multiproxy archaeological investigation of Oxford, UK.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Interpreting ancient food practices: stable isotope and molecular analyses of visible and absorbed residues from a year-long cooking experiment.

Chemical analyses of carbonized and absorbed organic residues from archaeological ceramic cooking vessels can provide a unique window into the culinary cultures of ancient people, resource use, and environmental effects by identifying ingredients used in ancient meals. However, it remains uncertain whether recovered organic residues represent only the final foodstuffs prepared or are the accumulation of various cooking events within the same vessel. To assess this, we cooked seven mixtures of C and C foodstuffs in unglazed pots once per week for one year, then changed recipes between pots for the final cooking events.

The dietary impact of the Norman Conquest: A multiproxy archaeological investigation of Oxford, UK.

Archaeology has yet to capitalise on the opportunities offered by bioarchaeological approaches to examine the impact of the 11th-century AD Norman Conquest of England. This study utilises an integrated multiproxy analytical approach to identify and explain changes and continuities in diet and foodways between the 10th and 13th centuries in the city of Oxford, UK. The integration of organic residue analysis of ceramics, carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis of human and animal bones, incremental analysis of δ13C and δ15N from human tooth dentine and palaeopathological analysis of human skeletal remains has revealed a broad pattern of increasing intensification and marketisation across various areas of economic practice, with a much lesser and more short-term impact of the Conquest on everyday lifestyles than is suggested by documentary sources.

Mechanisms of lipid preservation in archaeological clay ceramics revealed by mass spectrometry imaging.

Traces of lipids, absorbed and preserved for millennia within the inorganic matrix of ceramic vessels, act as molecular fossils and provide manifold information about past people's subsistence, diet, and rituals. It is widely assumed that lipids become preserved after adsorption into nano- to micrometer-sized pores, but to this day the distribution of these lipids in the ceramics was virtually unknown, which severely limits our understanding about the process of lipid preservation. Here we use secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging for direct analysis of lipids absorbed in 700- to 2,000-y-old archaeological pottery.

Digging deeper - A new data mining workflow for improved processing and interpretation of high resolution GC-Q-TOF MS data in archaeological research.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling is the most established method for the analysis of organic residues, particularly lipids, from archaeological contexts. This technique allows the decryption of hidden chemical information associated with archaeological artefacts, such as ceramic pottery fragments. The molecular and isotopic compositions of such residues can be used to reconstruct past resource use, and hence address major questions relating to patterns of subsistence, diet and ritual practices in the past.

Development of equivalent chain length (ECL) rules for lipid compounds.

Lipid compounds (fatty acids, tocochromanols, phytosterols) are difficult to separate by countercurrent chromatography (CCC) due to the existence of many similar structures and the limited availability of suitable biphasic solvent systems. Here we show that for these compound classes the success of a CCC separation can be directly derived from the chemical structures without the necessity of experimental determinations of K values. In most cases, lipid compounds differ in the total carbon number and the number of double bonds.

Lipid profiling and analytical discrimination of seven cereals using high temperature gas chromatography coupled to high resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Minor lipids in cereals (such as phytosterols and alkylresorcinols) can be important for human nutrition and/or be used as biomarkers for cereal intake. However, the analysis of cereal lipids is very challenging due to the complex lipidome comprising several hundred individual compounds present over a wide range of concentrations. Here we present a method for the profiling of cereal lipids using high temperature gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/Q-TOF MS).

Ancient Biomolecules and Evolutionary Inference.

Over the past three decades, studies of ancient biomolecules-particularly ancient DNA, proteins, and lipids-have revolutionized our understanding of evolutionary history. Though initially fraught with many challenges, today the field stands on firm foundations. Researchers now successfully retrieve nucleotide and amino acid sequences, as well as lipid signatures, from progressively older samples, originating from geographic areas and depositional environments that, until recently, were regarded as hostile to long-term preservation of biomolecules.

Countercurrent chromatographic isolation and purification of 11'-α-tocomonoenol from the vitamin E extract of palm oil.

A new vitamin E homologue, α-tocomonoenol was detected in palm oil, but was not isolated in large amounts and with high purity so far. Here we present an easy and fast method to isolate α-tocomonoenol from vitamin E rich nutrient capsules with countercurrent chromatography (CCC). With the solvent system n-hexane - benzotrifluoride - acetonitrile (10:3.

Tocopherols, Tocomonoenols, and Tocotrienols in Oils of Costa Rican Palm Fruits: A Comparison between Six Varieties and Chemical versus Mechanical Extraction.

Palm oil is one of the richest sources of tocotrienols and may contain other non-tocopherol vitamin E congeners. The vitamin E profiles of fully ripened fruit mesocarp of three Elaeis guineensis, two Elaeis oleifera, and one hybrid O × G palm fruit genotypes from Costa Rica were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after mechanical extraction by a screw press and chemical extraction with hexane. γ-Tocotrienol, α-tocotrienol, and α-tocopherol were the most abundant tocochromanols, while other tocopherols (β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol) and α-tocomonoenol were detected at minor concentrations.

The use of countercurrent chromatography in the separation of nonpolar lipid compounds.

Isolation of lipophilic compounds by countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a challenge because biphasic solvent systems in which these compounds distribute evenly are difficult to obtain. In this article we present novel applications of lipid compound isolation from natural sources. Conjugated linolenic acids (CLnAs, log K ∼7) were isolated from pomegranate oil using a solvent system consisting of n-heptane/methanol/water 100:91:9 (v/v/v).

More than 170 polyunsaturated tocopherol-related compounds in a vitamin E capsule: Countercurrent chromatographic enrichment, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis and preliminary identification of the potential artefacts.

Tocopherols and tocotrienols (usually summed up as vitamin E) are a class of structurally related natural antioxidants. Commonly, only some of the eight classic representatives (four tocopherols and four tocotrienols) are found with varied composition in food. In this study we fractionated 230mg oil from commercial vitamin E supplement capsules by countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of silylated CCC fractions showed that these eight isomers represented only about 70% of total tocopherol compounds.

Nutritional value of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) as human food.

Duckweeds have been consumed as human food since long. Species of the duckweed genera, Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella and Wolffia were analysed for protein, fat, and starch contents as well as their amino acid and fatty acid distribution. Protein content spanned from 20% to 35%, fat from 4% to 7%, and starch from 4% to 10% per dry weight.

Phytyl Fatty Acid Esters in the Pulp of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum).

Phytyl fatty acid esters (PFAE) are esters of fatty acids with the isoprenoid alcohol phytol (3,7R,11R,15-tetramethylhexadec-2E-enol). In this study, PFAE were identified and quantified in bell pepper using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All red (n = 14) and yellow (n = 6) samples contained six or seven PFAE at 0.

Method Development for the Determination of Free and Esterified Sterols in Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus).

Ergosterol is the major sterol in button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and can occur as free alcohol or esterified with fatty acids (ergosteryl esters). In this study, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC/MS-SIM) was used to determine ergosterol and ergosteryl esters as well as other sterols and steryl esters in button mushrooms. Different quality control measures were established and sample preparation procedures were compared to prevent the formation of artifacts and the degradation of ergosteryl esters.

Gas chromatographic separation of fatty acid esters of cholesterol and phytosterols on an ionic liquid capillary column.

Steryl esters are high molecular weight compounds (600-700g/mol) regularly present as a minor lipid class in animal and plant lipids. Different sterol backbones (e.g.

Accelerated separation of GC-amenable lipid classes in plant oils by countercurrent chromatography in the co-current mode.

Triacylglycerols represent the major part (>90%) in most plant oils and have to be eliminated, when the minor compounds such as phytosterols or tocopherols should be analyzed. Here, we used an all liquid-liquid chromatographic technique, countercurrent chromatography (CCC), to fractionate the minor lipids before gas chromatography (GC) analysis. To cover the wide range of polarity of the minor compounds, we used the co-current mode, in which both mobile and stationary phase are pumped through the system.

Analysis of intact cholesteryl esters of furan fatty acids in cod liver.

Furan fatty acids (F-acids) are a class of natural antioxidants with a furan moiety in the acyl chain. These minor fatty acids have been reported to occur with high proportions in the cholesteryl ester fraction of fish livers. Here we present a method for the direct analysis of intact cholesteryl esters with F-acids and other fatty acids in cod liver lipids.