A Reasonable Officer: Examining the Relationships Among Stress, Training, and Performance in a Highly Realistic Lethal Force Scenario.

Under conditions of physiological stress, officers are sometimes required to make split-second life-or-death decisions, where deficits in performance can have tragic outcomes, including serious injury or death and strained police-community relations. The current study assessed the performance of 122 active-duty police officers during a realistic lethal force scenario to examine whether performance was affected by the officer's level of operational skills training, years of police service, and stress reactivity. Results demonstrated that the scenario produced elevated heart rates (i.

Examining the impact of grip strength and officer gender on shooting performance.

Background: Effective shooting performance relies heavily on sufficient grip strength. However, some standard issue pistols used by police services may have a trigger weight that causes problems for officers with insufficient grip strength, including female officers. The current study aimed to replicate previous findings, which show that grip strength is positively related to shooting performance.

Mental health in hospital emergency departments: cross-sectional analysis of attendances in England 2013/2014.

Objective: To describe the population of patients who attend emergency departments (ED) in England for mental health reasons.

Methods: Cross-sectional observational study of 6 262 602 ED attendances at NHS (National Health Service) hospitals in England between 1 April 2013 and 31 March 2014. We assessed the proportion of attendances due to psychiatric conditions.

Higher volume providers are associated with improved outcomes following ERCP for the palliation of malignant biliary obstruction.

Background: Relieving malignant biliary obstruction improves quality of life and permits chemotherapy. Outcomes of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancratography(ERCP) in inoperable malignant biliary obstruction have been examined in a national cohort to establish factors associated with poor outcomes.

Methods: Hospital Episode Statistics include diagnostic and procedural data for all NHS hospital attendances in England.

A national study of artificial urinary sphincter and male sling implantation after radical prostatectomy in England.

Objectives: To consider the provision of post-radical prostatectomy (RP) continence surgery in England.

Materials And Methods: Patients with an Office of Population Census and Surveys Classification of Interventions and Procedures, version 4 code for an artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) or male sling between 1 January 2010 and 31 March 2018 were searched for within the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) dataset. Those without previous RP were excluded.

Stress-Activity Mapping: Physiological Responses During General Duty Police Encounters.

Policing is a highly stressful and dangerous profession that involves a complex set of environmental, psychosocial, and health risks. The current study examined autonomic stress responses experienced by 64 police officers, during general duty calls for service (CFS) and interactions with the public. Advancing previous research, this study utilized GPS and detailed operational police records as objective evidence of specific activities throughout a CFS.

Outcomes of colorectal stents when used as a bridge to curative resection in obstruction secondary to colorectal cancer.

Background: Up to 25% of colorectal cancers present with bowel obstruction. Metal stents (MS) can provide a bridge to surgery by relieving obstruction and allowing the subject's condition to improve pre-operatively.

Methods: Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) is a database of all NHS funded secondary care episodes in England.

Excited delirium syndrome (ExDS): Situational factors and risks to officer safety in non-fatal use of force encounters.

Study Objective: Police use of force (UoF) encounters include individuals with Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS) with some frequency. Situational factors and risks to officer safety associated with these encounters have not been well studied. We examined the likelihood that subjects displaying various concomitant features of ExDS were under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol.

Distinguishing features of Excited Delirium Syndrome in non-fatal use of force encounters.

Study Objective: The frequency with which the police encounter non-fatal cases of Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS) has not been well studied. To date only a single prospective, epidemiologic study has been completed to determine the prevalence of the features of ExDS in police use of force (UoF) encounters. We examined a cluster of previously published features associated with ExDS to establish if these features were consistently recognizable across policing populations, thus demonstrating reproducibility.

Drug policy in Vietnam: a decade of change?

Background: Driven by the rapid spread of HIV, Vietnam's response to drug use has undergone significant transformation in the past decade. This paper seeks to identify and analyse factors that prompted these changes and to investigate their impact on the lives of people who use drugs.

Method: This policy analysis is based on a review of Vietnamese Government documents, peer-reviewed publications and the authors' knowledge of and involvement in drug policy in Vietnam.

HIV risk among drug-using men who have sex with men, men selling sex, and transgender individuals in Vietnam.

Knowledge about drug use and its association with HIV risk among men who have sex with men is limited. Although the HIV epidemic among this population in Vietnam is increasingly acknowledged, understanding the impact of drug use on the spread of HIV is largely lacking. Using qualitative data from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 93 drug users, 15 non-drug users and 9 community stakeholders, this analysis explores emerging patterns of drug use and risk factors for engaging in risk behaviours among drug-using men having sex with men, men selling sex and transgender individuals in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

Managing information: using systematic data collection to estimate process and impact indicators related to harm reduction services in Myanmar.

Background: Discussion about coverage has primarily focused on answering the question: what level of coverage is required to reduce the spread of HIV among people who inject drugs? This paper documents the process involved in designing a Monitoring Information System (MIS) that provides a tool to estimate coverage, frequency of contacts as well as provides a mechanism for correlating these data with changes in risk behaviour among the surveyed population.

Methods: The system uses paper and pencil data collection forms to record information about the type and location of a contact. Information about the content of the contact such as the services, equipment or education that is delivered is also collected.

Harm reduction programmes in the Asia--Pacific Region.

Introduction And Aims: This paper reports on the public health intervention of harm reduction to address drug use issues in the Asia-Pacific region.

Design And Methods: It is based on the report 'Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in Asia and the Pacific', commissioned by the Australian National Council on Drugs Asia Pacific Drug Issues Committee. A comprehensive desk-based review based on published and unpublished literature and key informant data.

Prevalence of illicit drug use in Asia and the Pacific.

This paper reports on the prevalence of drug use in Asia and the Pacific. It is based on the report "Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in Asia and the Pacific", commissioned by the Australian National Council on Drugs Asia Pacific Drug Issues Committee. Review of existing estimates of the prevalence of people who use illicit drugs from published and unpublished literature and information from key informants and regional institutions was undertaken for the period 1998 - 2004.

Drug production, trafficking and trade in Asia and Pacific Island countries.

We report here on illicit drug production, trafficking and transit routes found in the Asia Pacific region. The report is based on the 'Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in Asia and the Pacific', commissioned by the Australian National Council on Drugs Asia Pacific Drug Issues Committee. The situational analysis was a comprehensive desk based review; data sources included published and unpublished literature and key informant reports.

Illicit drug use and responses in six Pacific Island countries.

We report here on the illicit drug situation in six Pacific nations: Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. The report is based on the 'Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in Asia and the Pacific', commissioned by the Australian National Council on Drugs Asia Pacific Drug Issues Committee. The situational analysis was a comprehensive desk-based review; data sources included published and unpublished literature and information from key informants.

Randomized controlled trial of a brief behavioural intervention for reducing hepatitis C virus risk practices among injecting drug users.

Aim: To develop and evaluate a brief intervention for reducing risk behaviours associated with HCV transmission in injecting drug users (IDU).

Design: Randomized controlled trial of an individually tailored brief behavioural intervention (BBI) (experimental) versus a standardized educational intervention (control).

Setting: Specialist drug treatment facility in Melbourne, Australia.