First report on the nationwide prevalence of paediatric type 1 diabetes in Serbia and temporal trends of diabetes ketoacidosis at diagnosis-a multicentre study.

We aimed to collect data on all paediatric patients who were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) between the years 2000 and 2019 in Serbia and estimate for the first time its prevalence. Also, the trends of diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) occurrence at the time of diagnosis are monitored. We collected and retrospectively analysed the data of patients <19 years with newly diagnosed T1DM.

The importance of combined NGS and MLPA genetic tests for differential diagnosis of maturity onset diabetes of the young.

Introduction: Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a rare form of monogenic diabetes. Being clinically and genetically heterogeneous, it is often misdiagnosed as type 1 or type 2 diabetes, leading to inappropriate therapy. MODY is caused by a single gene mutation.

First report on the nationwide incidence of type 1 diabetes and ketoacidosis at onset in children in Serbia: a multicenter study.

Unlabelled: Data regarding incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1DM), as well as data on frequency and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the time of T1DM diagnosis is of paramount importance for national and regional healthcare planning. The aim of present multicenter study was to provide the first report regarding nationwide annual incidence rates for T1DM in youth in Serbia, as well as prevalence of DKA at the time of diagnosis. Data on all pediatric patients with newly diagnosed T1DM was retrospectively collected from all 15 regional centers for pediatric diabetes in Serbia during the period 2007-2017.

Problems in diabetes managment in school setting in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Serbia.

Results: The obtained results show that not all children test blood glucose levels at school (50% of children in the 6-10-year-old age group and 67.3% in the age group over 11 years) and that not all children receive insulin at school (81.1% vs.

The Diagnosis of Prediabetes in Adolescents.

Background: Prediabetes is characterized by isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and combined IFG/IGT. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of prediabetes and examine possible contributory factors in a cohort of obese adolescents.

Methods: In this prospective study, we recruited 85 obese patients from the Obesity Clinic at the University Children's Hospital and 17 normal weight controls.

Prophylactic thyroidectomy for asymptomatic 3-year-old boy with positive multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A mutation (codon 634).

Introduction: The multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) syndrome, comprising medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma and primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is most frequently caused by codon 634 activating mutations of the RET (rearranged during transfection) proto-oncogene on chromosome 10. For this codon-mutation carriers, earlier thyroidectomy (before the age of 5 years) would be advantageous in limiting the potential for the development of MTC as well as parathyroid adenomas.

Case Outline: This is a case report of 3-year-old boy from the MEN 2A family (the boy's father and grandmother and paternal aunt) in which cysteine substitutes for phenylalanine at codon 634 in exon 11 of the RET proto-oncogene, who underwent thyroidectomy solely on the basis of genetic information.

The effect of metabolic and hormonal parameters on microalbuminuria in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: The prevalence of microalbuminuria (MA), the most important early marker of incipient nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), increases during puberty, the period of exaggerated physiological insulin resistance.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of MA and the relationship between MA and metabolic risk factors and pubertal hormones in adolescents with T1DM.

Methods: In a cross-section study involving a group of 100 adolescents of both sexes of mean age 14.

Ketoacidosis at presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children: a retrospective 20-year experience from a tertiary care hospital in Serbia.

Unlabelled: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has significant morbidity and mortality and is common at diagnosis in children. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of DKA over a 20-year period among children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) at University children's hospital in Belgrade, Serbia. The study population comprised of 720 patients (366 boys) diagnosed with type 1 diabetes aged <18 years between January 1992 and December 2011.

Premature ovarian failure.

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is the occurrence of hypergonadotropic hypoestrogenic amenorrhea in women under the age of forty years. It is idiopathic in 74-90% patients. Known cases can be divided into primary and secondary POF.

Microalbuminuria in relation to metabolic control and blood pressure in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of microalbuminuria and the relationship with other risk factors for the development of diabetic nephropathy.

Material And Methods: Our cross-section study involved a group of 60 adolescence of both sexes, mean age 15.3 ±2.

[Elements of metabolic control in children with type 1 diabetes before and after introduction to insulin analogues].

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) in children is characterized by unstable course. A significant number of studies shows that introduction to insulin analogues treatment aims towards better control of the disease.

Objective: The assessment of metabolic control in children with T1DM that were introduced to insulin analogue treatment after many years of treatment with classic (human) insulin.

Successful sulfonylurea treatment of a neonate with neonatal diabetes mellitus due to a new KCNJ11 mutation.

Mutations in the KCNJ11 gene, which encodes the Kir6.2 subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, often result in neonatal diabetes. We describe a female neonate who is a heterozygous for a new missense mutation, V252L, in the KCNJ11 gene and who has been successfully transitioned from insulin to sulfonylurea therapy.

[IPEX syndrome--case report].

Introduction: IPEX syndrome, namely, a hereditary (X-linked) immunodysregulation with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy and enteropathy, as the basic manifestations, presents a rare and exceptionally severe disease. It develops due to gene mutation responsible for the synthesis of a specific protein (FOXP3), which, by differentiation and activation of regular T-lymphocytic CD4+CD25+, has the key role in the induction and maintenance of the peripheral tolerance of one's own tissue.

Case Outline: We present a male infant with classic clinical features of IPEX syndrome, which manifested by the end of the first month after birth, first with type 1 diabetes mellitus and chronic diarrhoea followed by dehydration and disordered development, and then with facial eczema and laboratory signs of thyroiditis without thyroid dysfunction (antithyreoglobulin antibodies 1:5500, antimicrosomal antibodies 1:40).

A case of new mutation in maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3 (MODY 3) responsive to a low dose of sulphonylurea.

We describe a girl aged 10.5 years with hyperglycemia, whose mother and maternal father had insulin treated diabetes since adolescence. Using genetic analysis in mother and child, we identified identical new mutation of the HNF-1alpha sequence.

[Transient neonatal pseudohypoparathyroidism].

Introduction: Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by end organ unresponsiveness to parathormone (PTH), due to receptor or postreceptor defects. The characteristic biochemical disturbances include hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and high serum parathormone levels.

Case Outline: We present a 17-day-old male baby who was brought to our hospital because of seizures.

[Lingual thyroid].

Lingual thyroid is a rare congenital malformation that occurs more frequently in the female population. It occurs because of the error in transcriptional factors, the key for the normal differentiation of thyrocyte, so the thyroid gland tissue does not descend normally down the thyroglossal duct to the final position in the neck. Due to that, it can entirely or partially remain at the base of the tongue.

[Camptomelic dysplasia--a case report].

Campomelic/camptomelic dysplasia is a very rare, severe osteochondrodysplasia characterised by severe skeletal and nonskeletal malformations and lethal outcome mainly in neonatal period. Characteristic abnormality by which the syndrome got its name is short, bowed long bones of lower extremities, most often of femur, manifested by short and bowed legs. Skin dimpling on tibial anterior side is another prominent characteristic of this syndrome.

Stressful life events and psychological dysfunctions before the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Aim: To test the hypothesis that stressful life events and psychological dysfunction increase the risk for development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1).

Method: A case-control study comprising 105 children with DM1 and 210 controls matched by age +/- 1 year), sex and place of residence. Conditional univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze the data.

The Belgrade childhood diabetes study - comparison of children with type 1 diabetes with their siblings.

A case-control study was conducted in Belgrade (about 320,000 inhabitants 0-16 years old) during the period 1994-97, comprising 68 diabetic children (cases) and 68 controls chosen from the siblings of the cases. Analysis using multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated the following independent risk factors for Type 1 diabetes: higher birth order, infections during the 6 months preceding the onset of the disease and stressful events. Out of individual stressful and psychological factors, 'other' stressful events (severe accident or hospitalisation or death of a close friend, conflict with a teacher, death of a pet, failure in competition, quarrel between parents, punishment, physical attack, war in republics of former Yugoslavia and near drowning in the pool) and learning problems were independent risk factor for Type 1 diabetes.

[Subclinical peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetic adolescents and its relationship with metabolic control].

Professional management of paediatric diabetology, according to consensus guidelines, involves the screening of microvascular complications at puberty. The subclinical form of peripheral neural dysfunction in diabetic teenagers is reported with a frequency of 50-88%, by different authors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of subclinical distal neuropathy (DSMN) in type 1 diabetic paediatric patients during the second decade of life, and its relationship with metabolic control.

Early infant diet and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Belgrade children.

Objectives: This study investigated whether an infant diet is associated with the development of type 1 diabetes.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Belgrade from 1994 to 1997. A total of 105 patients with recent onset diabetes (< or = 16 y old) were compared with 210 controls chosen among children with skin disease (first control group).

[New aspects of etiopathogenesis and clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus type 1 in children].

Apparent increase of the incidence of childhood diabetes mellitus has been observed in many countries over the last decades. Data of seasonality are not consistent, especially in younger group. The triggering of the autoimmune process in genetically susceptible individuals may be the result of a variety of environmental factors including viral infections, specific nutrients, early introduction of cow's milk proteins and ingestion of nitrosamines, stress-inducing events, early perinatal lesions.

[Nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia resulting from 21-hydroxylase deficiency].

Nonclassic CAH, also termed as late onset of CAH, is a very mild form of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The incidence of disease is estimated at 0.1% of population.