Urinary inflammatory cytokines as indicators of kidney damage in type 2 diabetic patients.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate whether urinary levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) are altered in normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and whether these cytokines are able to identify diabetic kidney disease (DKD) among these patients.

Methods: This study included 125 T2DM patients classified into 3 groups according to urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (uACR): uACR <10mg/g creatinine, uACR 10-30mg/g creatinine and uACR >30mg/g creatinine. Urinary inflammatory cytokines were measured.

Oxidative DNA damage is associated with inflammatory response, insulin resistance and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes.

Urinary markers of nucleic acid oxidation may be useful biomarkers in diabetes. It has been demonstrated that T2DM patients have an increased level of oxidative DNA damage; however, it is unclear whether increased DNA damage may be related to a greater degree of inflammation and insulin resistance. Thus, the aim of this present study was to investigate the relation of the impact of oxidative DNA damage, assessed by urinary 8-OHdG, on the levels of inflammatory cytokines, as well as insulin resistance.

Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as indicators of tubular damage in normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objectives: Renal dysfunction has been reported in normoalbuminuric patients, demonstrating the necessity to improve the diagnostic and prognostic tools for diabetic kidney disease (DKD) investigation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the urinary levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) are increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with normal or mildly increased albuminuria.

Design And Methods: In this study, 117 type 2 DM patients classified into three groups according to urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (uACR): uACR<10mg/g creatinine, uACR 10-30mg/g creatinine and uACR>30mg/g creatinine were enrolled.