Recent advances in the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors against thyroid cancer.

Introduction: Oncogenic tyrosine kinases (TK) are enzymes that play a key role in cell growth and proliferation and their mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and development of aggressive cancer. This knowledge has led to the development of new classes of drugs, Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). They target oncogenic kinases who are associated with advanced radioactive iodine (RAI) refractory TC, which is not able to uptake RAI anymore and/or still grows between consecutive treatments with Iodine 131 (I131).

Liquid L-T4 therapy in hypothyroid patients with gastric diseases, an observational study.

Introduction: This is an observational and retrospective study, in which we have analyzed data from patients affected by gastric diseases (p) who have been treated with liquid L-T4 (L-LT4;84 p), or tablet L-T4 (T-LT4;120 p), for the replacement therapy of hypothyroidism. The aim of the study is to compare the stability of TSH [normal range, 0.3-3.

Antineoplastic Effect of ALK Inhibitor Crizotinib in Primary Human Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells with STRN-ALK Fusion In Vitro.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the deadliest human cancers and represents <2% of thyroid carcinomas. A therapeutic target for ATC is represented by anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements, involved in tumor growth. Crizotinib is an oral small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the ALK, MET, and ROS1 kinases, approved in ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer.

Cryopreserved Thyroid Tissue Autotransplant in Pediatric Age Patients: A Feasibility Study and Literature Review.

Background And Aims: This paper aims to study an alternative solution to hormonal replacement therapy in specific groups of patients who underwent thyroidectomy during childhood or adulthood. After cryopreservation, thyroid autotransplantation could be an alternative solution which would allow us to use the ability of the thyroid tissue of producing hormones according to the physiological needs of the body.

Materials And Methods: A feasibility study about the effects of the most modern cryopreservation techniques on the structural and functional integrity of the follicular cells of the thyroid tissue has been carried out.

Hypothyroidism and metabolic cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide, representing a major health issue of social and economic relevance. Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are very common in the adult population, and both disorders may contribute to the onset and progression of CVD. After a brief description of the role of thyroid hormones (THs) on the physiology of the cardiovascular system and the potential mechanism that links THs alterations with changes in cardiac function, blood pressure, endothelial function, and lipid levels, we review updated data about the clinical impact of overt hypothyroidism (OH) and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) on CV risk, CVD, and mortality.

Lactose intolerance and levothyroxine malabsorption: a review of the literature and report of a series of patients treated with liquid L-T4 without lactose.

In hypothyroid patients needing large doses of levothyroxine (L-T4) (>1.7-2 μg/kg/day) to reach euthyroidism, lactose intolerance (LI) needs to be excluded, owing to the high prevalence in the population. If LI is present, a lactose-free diet decreases the rate of L-T4 malabsorption.

Does thyroglossal duct arborization play a role in the post-surgical outcome of Sistrunk procedure in children?

Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to analyze thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) histopathological features, with focus on "arborization", in a cohort of pediatric patients who underwent surgical removal, and evaluate a possible correlation with clinical recurrences.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent surgical resection for TGDC at the division of Pediatric Surgery of the University of Pisa from 2015 to 2020 was performed; for each patient, the following data were recorded: age, sex, clinical presentation, localization, size of the lesion, diagnostic tools, histopathological features, perioperative complications, recurrence and follow-up.

Results: With respect to arborization, following histopathological analysis 25/30 patients (83.

Simultaneous Occurrence of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma and Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Case Series with Literature Review.

Background: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of differentiated TC, while medullary TC (MTC) accounts for 4%. The concomitant presence of PTC and MTC is rare.

Methods: This is a retrospective, single-center observational study conducted over 16 years (2001-2017).

Hypoparathyroidism Associated with Benign Thyroid Nodules in DiGeorge-like Syndrome: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review.

Background: DiGeorge-like syndrome (DGLS) is a rare genetic disorder due to the presence of the same classical clinical manifestations of DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) without its typical deletion. In the DGLS phenotype, hypoparathyroidism seldom occurs and is considered rare. In DGS, hypocalcemia affects up to 70% of patients, and a considerable share often has asymptomatic thyroid abnormalities.

Impact of COVID-19 and vaccination campaign on 1,755 systemic sclerosis patients during first three years of pandemic. Possible risks for individuals with impaired immunoreactivity to vaccine, ongoing immunomodulating treatments, and disease-related lung involvement during the next pandemic phase.

Introduction: The impact of COVID-19 pandemic represents a serious challenge for 'frail' patients' populations with inflammatory autoimmune systemic diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). We investigated the prevalence and severity of COVID-19, as well the effects of COVID-19 vaccination campaign in a large series of SSc patients followed for the entire period (first 38 months) of pandemic.

Patients And Method: This prospective survey study included 1755 unselected SSc patients (186 M, 1,569F; mean age 58.

Neutrophil extracellular traps and neutrophil-related mediators in human thyroid cancer.

Background: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the main effector cells in inflammatory responses and play multiple roles in thyroid cancer (TC). PMNs contain and release a plethora of mediators, including granular enzymes [e.g.

DICER1 Syndrome: A Multicenter Surgical Experience and Systematic Review.

DICER1 syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that predisposes patients to the development of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Presently, DICER1 syndrome diagnosis still occurs late, usually following surgical operations, affecting patients' outcomes, especially for further neoplasms, which are entailed in this syndrome. For this reason, herein we present a multicenter report of DICER1 syndrome, with the prospective aim of enhancing post-surgical surveillance.

Increased neutrophil derived chemokines (CXCL10 and CCL2) in human trichinellosis as possible serological markers of the polarization of the immune response against the parasite.

Trichinella britovi is a widely distributed parasitic nematode, transmitted through ingestion of raw or poorly cooked meat containing muscle larvae. This helminth can regulate the host immune system during the early phase of infection. The immune mechanism mainly involves the interaction of Th1 and Th2 responses and related cytokines.

Thyroid Metastasis from Primary Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer (BC), the most commonly diagnosed malignancy, frequently metastasizes to the bone, lungs, brain and liver at advanced stages, whereas the thyroid gland represents a rare target site for secondary disease. We examined the most recent literature about thyroid metastasis (TM) from BC after we encountered a peculiar case of a 71-year-old woman who developed sudden dysphagia, severe hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism due to TM 18 years after the diagnosis of her primary cancer. Based on published data, the prevalence of TM in BC ranges from 3% to 34%, with a median onset time of 48.

Chemokines in thyroid autoimmunity.

The chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Th1 lymphocytes are recruited by Th1 chemokines, secreted by damaged cells. In inflamed tissues, the attracted Th1 lymphocytes induce the IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha release, that stimulates the secretion of Th1 chemokines, initiating and reiterating an amplification feedback loop.

Antineoplastic Activity of Pazopanib in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer in Primary Culture.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare and rapidly fatal human cancer. Its usual treatment includes the combination of surgery, external hyperfractionated radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. These treatments permit achieving about 6-10 months of median survival.

Teprotumumab for the treatment of thyroid eye disease.

Introduction: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of orbital and extraocular muscles. It induces proptosis and diplopia, leading to a worsening of quality of life (QoL) because of its impact on physical appearance, and visual function. The natural history involves an 'active TED,' which is an autoimmune inflammatory response targeting orbital soft tissues, and 'inactive TED,' where there is tissue expansion remodeling.

Molecular features of aggressive thyroid cancer.

Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) have a worse prognosis with respect to well differentiated TC, and the loss of the capability of up-taking I is one of the main features characterizing aggressive TC. The knowledge of the genomic landscape of TC can help clinicians to discover the responsible alterations underlying more advance diseases and to address more tailored therapy. In fact, to date, the antiangiogenic multi-targeted kinase inhibitor (aaMKIs) sorafenib, lenvatinib, and cabozantinib, have been approved for the therapy of aggressive radioiodine (RAI)-resistant papillary TC (PTC) or follicular TC (FTC).

Graves' disease induced by IFN-β1a therapy: A case report, review of literature and new insights into the pathogenesis.

Since 1997, when the first case of autoimmune hyperthyroidism induced by Interferon (IFN)-β1b therapy was described, we know about the risk of thyroid dysfunction related to this treatment, particularly in patients with preexisting thyroid autoimmune disorders (AITD). A 60-year-old female, with a 15-year history of euthyroid autoimmune thyroiditis and a 3-year history of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), was admitted to our department for the evaluation of hyperthyroidism. Twenty months before, she had started specific immunomodulant IFN-β1a therapy (30 μg/week).

Graves' Disease Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Systematic Review.

(1) Background: Autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune endocrine diseases (AIED), are thought to develop following environmental exposure in patients with genetic predisposition. The vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could represent a new environmental trigger for AIED, including Graves' disease (GD). (2) Methods: We performed a literature search of MEDLINE/PubMed databases regarding thyroid dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination since 1 January 2020 to 31 July 2022, considering only cases of thyrotoxicosis that meet the 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines criteria for the diagnosis of GD and arising after administration of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, regardless of the number of doses.

Thyroid autoimmunity and SARS-CoV-2 infection: Report of a large Italian series.

Since the beginning of the pandemic, numerous risk factors have been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 outcomes, such as older age, male sex, and the presence of comorbidities, such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. Preliminary data also suggest epidemiological association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and systemic autoimmune disease. For this reason, we investigated if patients affected by autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD) are at risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 disease.

Regulatory B Cells in Systemic Sclerosis Isolated or Concomitant With Hashimoto Thyroiditis.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease in which gastrointestinal disorders represent a complication in up to 90% of patients. SSc may associate with thyroid autoimmune disorders, with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) being the more prevalent worldwide. Previous studies have examined the behavior of Th17 lymphocytes and Breg cells in patients with HT and concomitant autoimmune organ-specific disorders.