Infectious and Inflammatory Processes of the Orbits in Children.

Most primary orbital pathology in children is due to bacterial infection. Radiologists typically encounter these cases to evaluate for clinically suspected postseptal orbital involvement. Contrast-enhanced cross-sectional imaging is important for the detection and early management of orbital infection and associated subperiosteal/orbital abscess, venous thrombosis, and intracranial spread of infection.

Dorsoventral splitting of the infundibulum in a child with pituitary hypoplasia.

Pituitary development arises from ectodermal tissue creating Rathke's pouch and ultimately the adenohypophysis anteriorly whereas neuroectodermal tissue arising from the diencephalon creates the neurohypophysis posteriorly. Alterations in pituitary development can lead to hormonal dysregulation and dysfunction. Following clinical suspicion of pituitary endocrinopathy, MRI plays a vital role in identifying and characterizing underlying structural abnormalities of the pituitary gland, as well as any associated extrapituitary findings.

International Consensus Statement on the Radiological Screening of Contact Children in the Context of Suspected Child Physical Abuse.

Importance: Physical abuse is a common but preventable cause of long-term childhood morbidity and mortality. Despite the strong association between abuse in an index child and abuse in contact children, there is no guidance outlining how to screen the latter, significantly more vulnerable group, for abusive injuries. Consequently, the radiological assessment of contact children is often omitted, or variably performed, allowing occult injuries to go undetected and increasing the risk of further abuse.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Ataxia-Child.

Childhood ataxia may be due to multifactorial causes of impairment in the coordination of movement and balance. Acutely presenting ataxia in children may be due to infectious, inflammatory, toxic, ischemic, or traumatic etiology. Intermittent or episodic ataxia in children may be manifestations of migraine, benign positional vertigo, or intermittent metabolic disorders.

Imaging Findings of Pediatric Orbital Masses and Tumor Mimics.

Pediatric orbital masses are not common but encompass a wide spectrum of benign and malignant entities that range from developmental anomalies to primary and secondary orbital malignancies and metastatic disease. Certain orbital tumors are unique to pediatric patients, such as retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma. Clinical symptoms and signs are often insufficient to differentiate between orbital lesions, and imaging is essential for narrowing the diagnostic considerations and determining the most appropriate management strategy.

Retinoblastoma: What the Neuroradiologist Needs to Know.

Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor of childhood. Accurate diagnosis at an early stage is important to maximize patient survival, globe salvage, and visual acuity. Management of retinoblastoma is individualized based on the presenting clinical and imaging features of the tumor, and a multidisciplinary team is required to optimize patient outcomes.

Neuroimaging manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multinational, multicentre collaborative study.

Background: The CNS manifestations of COVID-19 in children have primarily been described in case reports, which limit the ability to appreciate the full spectrum of the disease in paediatric patients. We aimed to identify enough cases that could be evaluated in aggregate to better understand the neuroimaging manifestations of COVID-19 in the paediatric population.

Methods: An international call for cases of children with encephalopathy related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and abnormal neuroimaging findings was made.

Cervicofacial Venous Malformations Are Associated with Intracranial Developmental Venous Anomalies and Dural Venous Sinus Abnormalities.

Background And Purpose: Prior studies have suggested an association between the presence of cervicofacial venous malformations and intracranial developmental venous anomalies. We reviewed our institutional cohort of patients with cervicofacial venous malformations and examined the spectrum of intracranial venous anomalies, including developmental venous anomalies, cavernous malformations, and dural venous sinus abnormalities.

Materials And Methods: Consecutive patients who presented to our institution with cervicofacial venous malformations and underwent postcontrast MR imaging were studied.

Review of Temporal Bone Microanatomy : Aqueducts, Canals, Clefts and Nerves.

Temporal bone microanatomy is a common source of consternation for radiologists. Serpentine foramina, branching cranial nerves, and bony canals containing often clinically relevant but often miniscule arterial branches may all cause confusion, even among radiologists familiar with temporal bone imaging. In some cases, the tiniest structures may be occult or poorly visualized, even on thin-slice computed tomography (CT) images.

Clinical Course of Nonfunctional Pituitary Microadenoma in Children: A Single-Center Experience.

Context: Pituitary lesions consistent with microadenomas are increasingly discovered by MRI. Sparse data are available on the long-term clinical and imaging course of such lesions in children.

Objective: The aim of this study was to define the clinical and imaging course of pituitary lesions representing or possibly representing nonfunctioning microadenomas in children to guide clinical management.

Natural History and Management of Incidentally Discovered Focal Brain Lesions Indeterminate for Tumor in Children.

Background: The incidental discovery of brain lesions in children has increased due to greater utilization of neuroimaging. Standardized surveillance and management guidelines following the discovery of such lesions remain nonexistent.

Objective: To study the natural history and management of incidental brain lesions in children.

Correction to: A consensus response on the complete picture: reply to Lynøe and Eriksson.

The original version on this paper contained an error. The COI statement is incorrectly presented.

Consensus statement on abusive head trauma in infants and young children.

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is the leading cause of fatal head injuries in children younger than 2 years. A multidisciplinary team bases this diagnosis on history, physical examination, imaging and laboratory findings. Because the etiology of the injury is multifactorial (shaking, shaking and impact, impact, etc.

Clinical Trial of the Protein Farnesylation Inhibitors Lonafarnib, Pravastatin, and Zoledronic Acid in Children With Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome.

Background: Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is an extremely rare, fatal, segmental premature aging syndrome caused by a mutation in LMNA yielding the farnesylated aberrant protein progerin. Without progerin-specific treatment, death occurs at an average age of 14.6 years from an accelerated atherosclerosis.

Pediatric sialoblastoma: Evaluation and management.

Objectives: Sialoblastoma is a rare congenital salivary gland tumor of epithelial origin. The objectives of this study are to review the literature regarding clinical presentation of sialoblastoma, evaluate the effectiveness of various treatment methods, and present guidelines for evaluation and management in the pediatric population.

Data Sources: Case presentation and literature review.

Hemifacial Spasm in a Child Treated With Microvascular Decompression of the Facial Nerve.

Background: Hemifacial spasm is a rare condition in children that is characterized by involuntary contractions of muscles innervated by the ipsilateral facial nerve.

Patient Description: We describe a 6-year-old girl who presented with intermittent involuntary spasms of the right face. Magnetic resonance imaging demostrated a loop of the anterior inferior cerebral artery contacting and elevating the cisternal segment of the right facial nerve; this finding was confirmed at surgery where microvascular decompression of the facial nerve was performed without complication.

Imaging Features of Juvenile Xanthogranuloma of the Pediatric Head and Neck.

Background And Purpose: Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis primarily affecting children. The purpose of this study was to characterize the imaging features of histologically confirmed pediatric head and neck juvenile xanthogranuloma.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective review was performed of medical records and imaging of histologically confirmed head and neck juvenile xanthogranuloma.

Myxopapillary ependymomas in children: imaging, treatment and outcomes.

Myxopapillary ependymomas (MPEs) are rare spinal tumors in children. The natural history and clinical course of pediatric MPEs are largely unknown and the indication for adjuvant therapy remains to be clarified. We performed an IRB-approved, retrospective review of children with MPEs treated at the Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center between 1982 and 2013.

Retroclival collections associated with abusive head trauma in children.

Retroclival collections are rare lesions reported almost exclusively in children and strongly associated with trauma. We examine the incidence and imaging characteristics of retroclival collections in young children with abusive head trauma. We conducted a database search to identify children with abusive head trauma ≤ 3 years of age with brain imaging performed between 2007 and 2013.

Disorders and tumors of the salivary glands in children.

Salivary gland neoplasms are rare in children. In infants most tumors are benign hemangiomas, with some notable exceptions, such as sialoblastomas. An asymptomatic swelling in the periauricular region is the most common presenting complaint in older children.

Pediatric nodular fasciitis in the head and neck: evaluation and management.

Importance: Nodular fasciitis is a rare benign tumor that can present in the head and neck in children. A better understanding of this rare condition is critical to optimize management.

Objective: To review the presentation, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of pediatric nodular fasciitis of the head and neck.