Increase in PUFA and protein, and decrease in carbohydrate intake improves liver fat in 12 months and the role of weight loss as a mediator: A randomized controlled trial.

Background & Aims: Recently, a beneficial effect of high intake of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and protein on intrahepatic lipids (IHL) was demonstrated over 12 months within a randomized controlled trial (the NutriAct trial). We now aimed to explore the specific macronutrient components driving this IHL improvement within this trial in middle-aged and elderly subjects (50-80 y) at risk for age-related diseases.

Methods: The NutriAct trial (n = 502) analyzed the effect of a high-protein and high-UFA diet on age related diseases including fatty liver disease.

The Effect of Individual Attitude toward Healthy Nutrition on Adherence to a High-UFA and High-Protein Diet: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Unlabelled: Despite beneficial cardiovascular effects, substantial long-term modulation of food pattern could only be achieved in a limited number of participants. The impact of attitude towards healthy nutrition (ATHN) on successful modulation of dietary behavior is unclear, especially in the elderly. We aimed to analyze whether the personal ATHN influences 12-month adherence to two different dietary intervention regimes within a 36-month randomized controlled trial.

An Isocaloric High-Fat Diet Regulates Partially Genetically Determined Fatty Acid and Carbohydrate Uptake and Metabolism in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Lean Adult Twins.

Background: The dysfunction of energy metabolism in white adipose tissue (WAT) induces adiposity. Obesogenic diets that are high in saturated fat disturb nutrient metabolism in adipocytes. This study investigated the effect of an isocaloric high-fat diet without the confounding effects of weight gain on the gene expression of fatty acid and carbohydrate transport and metabolism and its genetic inheritance in subcutaneous (s.

Effect of unsaturated fat and protein intake on liver fat in people at risk of unhealthy aging: 1-year results of a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Short-term trials indicate improvement of intrahepatic lipids (IHLs) and metabolism by dietary protein or unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) beyond weight loss.

Objectives: We aimed to assess the effect of a dietary intervention high in protein and UFAs on IHLs and metabolic outcome after 12 mo, as long-term effects of such a combined intervention are unknown.

Methods: Within a 36-mo randomized controlled trial, eligible subjects (aged 50 to 80 y, ≥1 risk factor for unhealthy aging) were randomly assigned to either intervention group (IG) with high intake of mono-/poly-UFAs [15-20 percent of total energy (%E)/10%-15%E, respectively], plant protein (15%-25%E), and fiber (≥30 g/d), or control group [CG, usual care, dietary recommendations of the German Nutrition Society (fat 30%E/carbohydrates 55%E/protein 15%E)].

High Protein Diets Improve Liver Fat and Insulin Sensitivity by Prandial but Not Fasting Glucagon Secretion in Type 2 Diabetes.

Glucagon (GCGN) plays a key role in glucose and amino acid (AA) metabolism by increasing hepatic glucose output. AA strongly stimulate GCGN secretion which regulates hepatic AA degradation by ureagenesis. Although increased fasting GCGN levels cause hyperglycemia GCGN has beneficial actions by stimulating hepatic lipolysis and improving insulin sensitivity through alanine induced activation of AMPK.

Nutritional counseling frequency and baseline food pattern predict implementation of a high-protein and high-polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary pattern: 1-year results of the randomized NutriAct trial.

Background & Aims: NutriAct is a 36-month randomized controlled multi-center trial designed to analyze the effects of a food pattern focusing on a high-protein and high-unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) intake on healthy aging. We aimed to determine factors associated with a successful modulation of dietary pattern after 12 months in elderly participants.

Methods: 502 participants were randomized into either usual care control group including dietary recommendations of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) or an intervention group, which used supplementation of rapeseed oil and specifically designed foods as well as repetitive advices to implement a food pattern based on high intake of predominantly plant proteins, UFA and fiber (NutriAct pattern).

Orphan GPR116 mediates the insulin sensitizing effects of the hepatokine FNDC4 in adipose tissue.

The proper functional interaction between different tissues represents a key component in systemic metabolic control. Indeed, disruption of endocrine inter-tissue communication is a hallmark of severe metabolic dysfunction in obesity and diabetes. Here, we show that the FNDC4-GPR116, liver-white adipose tissue endocrine axis controls glucose homeostasis.

Hepatic Wnt1 Inducible Signaling Pathway Protein 1 (WISP-1/CCN4) Associates with Markers of Liver Fibrosis in Severe Obesity.

Liver fibrosis is a critical complication of obesity-induced fatty liver disease. Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1/CCN4), a novel adipokine associated with visceral obesity and insulin resistance, also contributes to lung and kidney fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of CCN4 in liver fibrosis in severe obesity.

Liver fat scores do not reflect interventional changes in liver fat content induced by high-protein diets.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common in Metabolic Syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), driven by energy imbalance, saturated fats and simple carbohydrates. NAFLD requires screening and monitoring for late complications. Liver fat indices may predict NAFLD avoiding expensive or invasive gold-standard methods, but they are poorly validated for use in interventional settings.

Similar dietary regulation of IGF-1- and IGF-binding proteins by animal and plant protein in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Increased animal but not plant protein intake has been associated with increased mortality in epidemiological studies in humans and with reduced lifespan in animal species. Protein intake increases the activity of the IGF-1 system which may provide a link to reduced lifespan. We, therefore, compared the effects of animal versus plant protein intake on circulating levels of IGF-1 and the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP)-1 and IGFBP-2 over a 6-week period.

Effects of High and Low Protein Diets on Inflammatory Profiles in People with Morbid Obesity: A 3-Week Intervention Study.

Nutritional interventions in morbidly obese individuals that effectively reverse a pro-inflammatory state and prevent obesity-associated medical complications are highly warranted. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of high (HP) or low (LP) protein diets on circulating immune-inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-10 (IL-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), chemerin, omentin, leptin, total adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin, and fetuin-A. With this aim, 18 people with morbid obesity were matched into two hypocaloric groups: HP (30E% protein, = 8) and LP (10E% protein, = 10) for three weeks.

Long-term effects of a food pattern on cardiovascular risk factors and age-related changes of muscular and cognitive function.

Introduction: The mean age of the German population increased over the last years, which resulted in a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, cognitive impairment, sarcopenia and bone fractures. Current evidence indicates a preservation of human wellbeing in the elderly by a healthy diet, although the recommended macronutrient composition and quality remains unclear and needs further long-term investigation. In this context we investigate the effect of a specific dietary pattern on age-related disorders in a randomized controlled multi-center trial (RCT).

High-protein diet more effectively reduces hepatic fat than low-protein diet despite lower autophagy and FGF21 levels.

Background And Aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming increasingly prevalent and nutrition intervention remains the most important therapeutic approach for NAFLD. Our aim was to investigate whether low- (LP) or high-protein (HP) diets are more effective in reducing liver fat and reversing NAFLD and which mechanisms are involved.

Methods: 19 participants with morbid obesity undergoing bariatric surgery were randomized into two hypocaloric (1500-1600 kcal/day) diet groups, a low protein (10E% protein) and a high protein (30E% protein), for three weeks prior to surgery.

Saliva Samples as A Tool to Study the Effect of Meal Timing on Metabolic And Inflammatory Biomarkers.

Meal timing affects metabolic regulation in humans. Most studies use blood samples for their investigations. Saliva, although easily available and non-invasive, seems to be rarely used for chrononutritional studies.

Effects of diets high in animal or plant protein on oxidative stress in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial.

High-protein diet is a promising strategy for diabetes treatment supporting body weight control, improving glycaemic status, cardiovascular risk factors and reducing liver fat. Here, we investigated effects of diets high in animal (AP) or plant (PP) protein on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). 37 obese individuals (age 64.

Shotgun Lipidomics Discovered Diurnal Regulation of Lipid Metabolism Linked to Insulin Sensitivity in Nondiabetic Men.

Context: Meal timing affects metabolic homeostasis and body weight, but how composition and timing of meals affect plasma lipidomics in humans is not well studied.

Objective: We used high throughput shotgun plasma lipidomics to investigate effects of timing of carbohydrate and fat intake on lipid metabolism and its relation to glycemic control.

Design: 29 nondiabetic men consumed (1) a high-carb test meal (MTT-HC) at 09.

Effects of plant and animal high protein diets on immune-inflammatory biomarkers: A 6-week intervention trial.

Background & Aims: Pro-inflammatory biomarkers are well-established contributors to insulin resistance and represent valid targets for diabetes management and prevention. Yet, little is known whether nutrition could play a role in modulating various aspects of immune-inflammatory responses. Our aim is to assess the effect of isocaloric animal and plant protein dietary interventions on selected biomarkers representing various immune-inflammatory pathways.

Diurnal distribution of carbohydrates and fat affects substrate oxidation and adipokine secretion in humans.

Background: A diet in which fat is mainly eaten in the morning and carbohydrates mainly in the evening (compared with the reverse order) was recently shown to worsen glycemic control in people with prediabetes.

Objective: We investigated the effects of these dietary patterns on energy metabolism, and on the daily profiles of circulating lipids, adipokines, and inflammatory markers.

Design: In a randomized controlled crossover trial, 29 nonobese men (with normal glucose tolerance, n = 18; or impaired fasting glucose/glucose tolerance, n = 11) underwent 2 isocaloric 4-wk diets: 1) carbohydrate-rich meals until 1330 and fat-rich meals between 1630 and 2200 (HC/HF); or 2) the inverse sequence of meals (HF/HC).

Diverse Excretion Pathways of Benzyl Glucosinolate in Humans after Consumption of Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.)-A Pilot Study.

Scope: Different metabolic and excretion pathways of the benzyl glucosinolate breakdown products benzyl isothiocyanate and benzyl cyanide are investigated to obtain information about their multiple fate after ingestion. Detailed focus is on the so far underestimated transformation/excretion pathways-protein conjugation and exhalation.

Methods And Results: Metabolites, protein conjugates, and non-conjugated isothiocyanates are determined in plasma, urine, and breath of seven volunteers after consuming freeze-dried nasturtium or bread enriched with nasturtium.

Rate of appearance of amino acids after a meal regulates insulin and glucagon secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial.

Background: Meal composition regulates the postprandial response of pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones and plays an important role in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Proteins have glucagon and insulinotropic effects, which may differ depending on amino acid composition, form of intake, and rate of digestibility and absorption.

Objective: The aim of this study was to test effects of isolated pea protein-based (PP) compared with casein protein-based (CP) meals differing in amino acid compositions on endocrine responses to meal tolerance tests (MTTs) in patients with T2D.

The novel adipokine WISP1 associates with insulin resistance and impairs insulin action in human myotubes and mouse hepatocytes.

Aims/hypothesis: Wingless-type (Wnt) inducible signalling pathway protein-1 (WISP1) has been recently identified as a proinflammatory adipokine. We examined whether WISP1 expression and circulating levels are altered in type 2 diabetes and whether WISP1 affects insulin signalling in muscle cells and hepatocytes.

Methods: Serum and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) biopsies, for analysis of circulating WISP1 levels by ELISA and WISP1 mRNA expression by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, were collected from normal-weight men (control group, n = 33) and obese men with (n = 46) and without type 2 diabetes (n = 56) undergoing surgery.

VEGF and GLUT1 are highly heritable, inversely correlated and affected by dietary fat intake: Consequences for cognitive function in humans.

Objective: Reduction of brain glucose transporter GLUT1 results in severe neurological dysfunction. VEGF is required to restore and maintain brain glucose uptake across the blood brain barrier via GLUT1, which was shown to be acutely diminished in response to a high fat diet (HFD) in mice. The genetic and HFD-related regulation and association of VEGF and GLUT1 (SLC2A1) in humans was investigated in the NUtriGenomic Analysis in Twins (NUGAT) study.

Assessment of circulating Wnt1 inducible signalling pathway protein 1 (WISP-1)/CCN4 as a novel biomarker of obesity.

WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP-1/CCN4) is a novel adipokine, which is upregulated in obesity, and induces a pro-inflammatory response in macrophages in-vitro. Preclinical observations suggested WISP-1/CCN4 as a potential candidate for novel obesity therapy targeting adipose tissue inflammation. Whether circulating levels of WISP-1/CCN4 in humans are altered in obesity and/or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and in the postprandial state, however, is unknown.

Dietary Fat Intake Modulates Effects of a Frequent ACE Gene Variant on Glucose Tolerance with association to Type 2 Diabetes.

The frequent ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism (I/D) is, albeit inconsistently, associated with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. We recently observed an enhanced upregulation of ACE by elevated fat intake in GG-carriers of the I/D-surrogate rs4343 variant and therefore investigated its potential nutrigenetic role in glucose metabolism. In this nutritional intervention study 46 healthy and non-obese twin pairs consumed recommended low fat diets for 6 weeks before they received a 6-week high fat (HF) diet under isocaloric conditions.