Assessing the Impact of a Reality TV Fashion Model Contest on Women's State Body Dissatisfaction, Affect, and Self-Esteem: An Experience Sampling Study of Women With and Without Eating Disorders.

Objective: Reality TV model contests like Germany's Next Topmodel (GNTM) remain popular worldwide, but face media criticism for potentially impacting women's body image. This experience sampling study is the first to examine GNTM's impact on body dissatisfaction, affect, and self-esteem among women with and without eating disorders (EDs).

Method: Women with (n = 36) and without self-reported EDs (n = 143) watched the 18 season of GNTM in their private environment to enhance ecological validity.

Longer-term consequences of increased body checking in women at risk for eating disorders-a naturalistic experimental online study.

Body checking is a common behavior in both the general population and individuals with body image disturbances. Cognitive-behavioral theories postulate that body checking reduces negative emotions in the short term, but over time contributes to the development and maintenance of eating disorder pathology. So far, few experimental studies have assessed these longer-term consequences, mostly under laboratory conditions, yielding inconsistent findings, and without considering individual vulnerability and specific personality traits.

Is my body better than yours? Validation of the German version of the Upward and Downward Physical Appearance Comparison Scales in individuals with and without eating disorders.

Introduction: This study examines the psychometric properties of a German version of the Upward and Downward Physical Appearance Comparison Scales (UPACS and DACS).

Methods: A total of 2,114 participants, consisting of 1,360 women without eating disorders (  = 25.73,  = 6.

Risks and benefits of social media trends: The influence of "fitspiration", "body positivity", and text-based "body neutrality" on body dissatisfaction and affect in women with and without eating disorders.

This online experimental study investigates the effects of the social media trends "fitspiration" (images of thin-muscular women promoting health and fitness), "body positivity" (images of larger female bodies motivating women to love their bodies), and "body neutrality" (illustrations encouraging women to appreciate the body's functions) on body dissatisfaction and affect in women with and without eating disorders (ED). Women with (n = 172) and women without ED (n = 210) were randomly assigned to the conditions "fitspiration", "body positivity", and text-based "body neutrality", each comprising the presentation of 30 Instagram posts. Before and after viewing the posts, participants answered state questionnaires on body dissatisfaction and affect.

Body exposure and vocal analysis: validation of fundamental frequency as a correlate of emotional arousal and valence.

Introduction: Vocal analysis of fundamental frequency (0) represents a suitable index to assess emotional activation. However, although 0 has often been used as an indicator of emotional arousal and different affective states, its psychometric properties are unclear. Specifically, there is uncertainty regarding the validity of the indices of 0 and 0 (0, 0, and 0) and whether higher or lower 0 indices are associated with higher arousal in stressful situations.

One body, two faces: How double standards influence body evaluation in women with binge-eating disorder compared to mentally healthy women with higher weight and average weight.

Objective: Research has found evidence that women with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) apply different standards for themselves than for others when evaluating bodies, an aspect of a disturbed body image. This study investigates whether women with binge-eating disorder (BED) likewise show self-deprecating double standards (DS).

Methods: Women with BED (n = 40), women with higher weight (n = 40) and women with average weight (n = 40) viewed a presentation of different builds, including their individual ideal body, which were presented once with participants' own and once with an unknown woman's face.

Body image disturbance and associated eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology in gay and heterosexual men: A systematic analyses of cognitive, affective, behavioral und perceptual aspects.

Objective: This study contributes to the quantitatively large, yet narrow in scope research on body image in gay men by assessing whether gay and heterosexual men systematically differ on various dimensions of body image disturbance and associated pathology, i.e., eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder symptoms.

What happens in the course of positive mirror exposure? Effects on eating pathology, body satisfaction, affect, and subjective physiological arousal in patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

Objective: Mirror exposure (ME) is a therapeutic technique to improve body image disturbance. However, evidence on the effectiveness of different forms of ME in clinical populations is lacking. The present study therefore analysed effects of ME on trait-like and state measures of body image in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN).

Giving a Body a Different Face-How Men and Women Evaluate Their Own Body vs. That of Others.

Eating disorders affect women more than men. Women reportedly dislike their body shape more and appreciate it less than do men. One factor influencing body image might be the application of different standards for oneself than for other people when evaluating bodies.

Short-term functions and long-term consequences of checking behavior as a transdiagnostic phenomenon: protocol for a systematic review.

Introduction: Checking behaviour (CB) occurs in various mental health problems. Cognitive-behavioural models for these mental disorders share similar theoretical assumptions. Thus, they postulate a negative reinforcing effect of CB by reducing negative affect (ie, anxiety) and a maintenance of the pathology due to a lack of reality testing of concerns.

Familial transmission of attention allocation towards one's own and a peer's body: An eye-tracking study with male adolescents and their fathers.

Previous research provides evidence of maternally transmitted body-related attentional biases in female adolescents. In contrast, it remains unclear whether a familial transmission of body-related attentional biases also exists within father-son dyads. Therefore, the current study examined n = 42 male adolescents and their fathers with respect to direct and indirect paternal influences on body-related attention patterns and specific body-related concerns in sons.

Revisiting the Postulates of Etiological Models of Eating Disorders: Questioning Body Checking as a Longer-Term Maintaining Factor.

Body checking (BC) is not only inherent to the maintenance of eating disorders but is also widespread among healthy females. According to etiological models, while BC serves as an affect-regulating behavior in the short term, in the longer term it is assumed to be disorder-maintaining and also produces more negative affect. The present study therefore aimed to empirically examine the proposed longer-term consequences of increased BC.

Visualizing Emotional Arousal within the Context of Body Size Evaluation: A Pilot Study of Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials in Women with Anorexia Nervosa and Healthy Controls.

Maladaptive body size evaluation processes and body dissatisfaction are known as central risk factors for the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa (AN). This study aimed to experimentally test potential key facets, such as (psycho)physiological, cognitive-verbal and behavioral mechanisms, within the context of these evaluation processes. Twenty-two females with AN (AN-G) and 22 healthy controls (HC-G) looked at pictures of their body gradually increasing in weight using a morphing technique.

[Psychometric Evaluation of the German-Language Version of the Feedback on Physical Appearance Scale on Female Adolescents With Eating Disorders Plus Adolescents and Women Without Eating Disorders].

Negative body-related feedback is associated with increased body dissatisfaction. The English-language version of the Feedback on Physical Appearance Scale (FOPAS) is an instrument to assess verbal and non-verbal body-related feedback, but a German-language version has not been validated yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of its German-language version in a sample of adolescents with eating disorders (n=88) and in a sample of adolescents (n=123) and women (n=228) without eating disorders.

Appearance-Related Partner Preferences and Body Image in a German Sample of Homosexual and Heterosexual Women and Men.

There is evidence that gender as well as sexual orientation can affect body image. In particular, heterosexual women and homosexual men seem to be more vulnerable to a negative body image compared to homosexual women and heterosexual men. One reason for this may be derived from the fact that heterosexual women and homosexual men try to attract male romantic partners: As men place more importance on physical attractiveness than do women, the pressure to fulfill the sociocultural beauty ideal is thus increased.

Body Exposure, its Forms of Delivery and Potentially Associated Working Mechanisms: How to Move the Field Forward.

Background: Body image disturbance (BID) is a hallmark feature of eating disorders (EDs) and has proven to be involved in their etiology and maintenance. Therefore, the targeting of BID in treatment is crucial, and has been incorporated in various treatment manuals. One of the most common techniques in the treatment of BID is body exposure (BE), the confrontation with one's own body.

Effects of full-body mirror exposure on eating pathology, body image and emotional states: Comparison between positive and negative verbalization.

Mirror exposure (ME) is an effective technique to improve body image. However, evidence on the underlying mechanisms and the optimal verbalization instruction during ME is lacking. Therefore, this experimental study analyzed mechanisms of ME and therapeutic outcomes by comparing positive (PV) and negative (NV) full-body verbalization.

Overcoming limitations of self-report: an assessment of fear of weight gain in anorexia nervosa and healthy controls using implicit association tests.

Background: Fear of weight gain is a characteristic feature of anorexia nervosa (AN), and reducing this fear is often a main target of treatment. However, research shows that 20% of individuals with AN do not report fear of weight gain. Studies are needed that evaluate the centrality of fear of weight gain for AN with a method less susceptible to deception than self-report.

Are there associations between religious affiliation and drive for muscularity? A cross-sectional survey of young Muslim women, Christian women and atheist women from Germany.

Background: Over the last 20 years, society's perception of the ideal female body size in Western cultures has changed from thin to athletic, and many women practice sports to achieve well-toned bodies. However, to date, no study has investigated whether Muslim women who live in a Western country and veil their bodies strive for lean or muscular bodies too. The current cross-sectional survey therefore addressed this question.

Development and initial psychometric evaluation of the Body Image Matrix of Thinness and Muscularity - Female Bodies.

Background: Despite evidence that thinness and muscularity are part of the female body ideal, there is not yet a reliable figure rating scale measuring the body image of women which includes both of these dimensions. To overcome this shortcoming, the Body Image Matrix of Thinness and Muscularity - Female Bodies (BIMTM-FB) was developed.

Methods: The objective of this study is to analyze the psychometric properties of this measure.

Perceived Impact of Covid-19 Across Different Mental Disorders: A Study on Disorder-Specific Symptoms, Psychosocial Stress and Behavior.

The recent outbreak of the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) has plunged countries across the world into crisis. Both in the general population and in specific subgroups such as infected people or health care workers, studies have reported increased symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress. However, the reactions of individuals with mental disorders to Covid-19 have largely been neglected.

Faced with one's fear: Attentional bias in anorexia nervosa and healthy individuals upon confrontation with an obese body stimulus in an eye-tracking paradigm.

Objectives: Cognitive biases, particularly attentional biases, have been shown to be central to anorexia nervosa (AN). This study looked at attention deployment when consecutively viewing an obese and own body stimulus that both might represent feared stimuli in AN.

Methods: Individuals with AN (n = 26) and mentally healthy controls (MHCs; n = 16) viewed a picture of themselves and a standardized computer-generated obese body in random order for 4,000 ms each and then rated the attractiveness of the body parts of both stimuli.

Treatment-Resistant Blunted HPA Activity, but Reversible Cardiovascular Stress Reactivity in Young Women With Eating Disorders.

Previous research has provided evidence for a reduced neuroendocrine stress response in women with eating disorders (EDs). In the present study female in-patients with Anorexia and Bulimia nervosa were compared to female healthy controls (HC) before and after completing an in-patient treatment program. Salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase (sAA), heart rate response (HR), high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) and negative affective state were measured before, during and after exposure to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) at pre- and post-treatment.

[The German-Language Version of the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory: Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties in Male Samples].

To assess central aspects of muscle dysmorphia, classified as a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder, the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI) is available for the English-speaking areas. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the German-language version of the MDI. Therefore, male participants from two separate samples (sample 1: n=143; sample 2: n=71; N=214) completed a questionnaire battery, including the MDI.

Meta-analysis on the long-term effectiveness of psychological and medical treatments for binge-eating disorder.

Objective: Long-term effectiveness is a critical aspect of the clinical utility of a treatment; however, a meta-analytic evaluation of psychological and medical treatments for binge-eating disorder (BED), including weight loss treatments, is outstanding. This meta-analysis sought to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the long-term effectiveness in diverse treatments for BED regarding a range of clinically relevant outcomes.

Method: Based on a systematic search up to February 2018, 114 published and unpublished randomized-controlled (RCTs), nonrandomized, and uncontrolled treatment studies, totaling 8,862 individuals with BED (DSM-IV, DSM-5), were identified and analyzed using within-group random-effect modeling.