Central muscarinic and LPBN mechanisms on sodium intake.

Central cholinergic activation stimulates water intake, but also NaCl intake when the inhibitory mechanisms are blocked with injections of moxonidine (α adrenergic/imidazoline agonist) into the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN). In the present study, we investigated the involvement of central M and M muscarinic receptors on NaCl intake induced by pilocarpine (non-selective muscarinic agonist) intraperitoneally combined with moxonidine into the LPBN or by muscimol (GABA agonist) into the LPBN. Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally in the LPBN and in the lateral ventricle were used.

Would right atrial stretch inhibit sodium intake following GABAA receptor activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus?

The knowledge of the mechanisms underlying circulating volume control may be achieved by stretching a balloon placed at the junction of the superior vena cava-right atrial junction (SVC-RAJ). We investigated whether the inflation of a balloon at the SVC-RAJ inhibits the intake of 0.3M NaCl induced by GABAA receptor activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) in euhydrated and satiated rats.

Cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients in Brazil: clinical features and predictors of treatment response in the HAART era.

A prospective study of 55 confirmed or presumptive cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV positive patients in Brazil was performed to describe clinical characteristics and to identify predictive factors for clinical response to the anti-Toxoplasma treatment. Cerebral toxoplasmosis led to the diagnosis of HIV infection in 19 (35%) patients, whereas it was the AIDS defining disease in 41 (75%) patients. Of these, 22 (54%) patients were previously know to be HIV-positive.

Central serotonergic and adrenergic/imidazoline inhibitory mechanisms on sodium and water intake.

Recent studies have shown the existence of two important inhibitory mechanisms for the control of NACL and water intake: one mechanism involves serotonin in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) and the other depends on alpha(2)-adrenergic/imidazoline receptors probably in the forebrain areas. In the present study we investigated if alpha(2)-adrenergic/imidazoline and serotonergic inhibitory mechanisms interact to control NaCl and water intake. Male Holtzman rats with cannulas implanted simultaneously into the lateral ventricle (LV) and bilaterally into the LPBN were used.

Serotonergic mechanisms of the lateral parabrachial nucleus and cholinergic-induced sodium appetite.

Central cholinergic mechanisms are suggested to participate in osmoreceptor-induced water intake. Therefore, central injections of the cholinergic agonist carbachol usually produce water intake (i.e.