Cell-surface d-glucuronyl C5-epimerase binds to porcine deltacoronavirus spike protein facilitating viral entry.

Unlabelled: Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteric coronavirus with zoonotic potential. The coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein, especially the S1 subunit, mediates viral entry by binding to cellular receptors. However, the functional receptor of PDCoV remains poorly understood.

Porcine deltacoronavirus accessory protein NS6 harnesses VPS35-mediated retrograde trafficking to facilitate efficient viral infection.

Retrograde transport has been reported to be closely associated with normal cellular biological processes and viral replication. As an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus with zoonotic potential, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) has attracted considerable attention. However, whether retrograde transport is associated with PDCoV infection remains unclear.

Unfolding of an RNA G-quadruplex motif in the negative strand genome of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by host and viral helicases to promote viral replication.

G-quadruplex (G4) is a unique secondary structure formed by guanine-rich nucleic acid sequences. Growing studies reported that the genomes of some viruses harbor G4 structures associated with viral replication, opening up a new field to dissect viral infection. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a representative member of Arteriviridae, is an economically significant pathogen that has devastated the swine industry worldwide for over 30 years.

Exosomes mediate the antibody-resistant intercellular transmission of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly pathogenic enteric coronavirus that causes severe enteritis and lethal watery diarrhea in suckling piglets, leading to tremendous economic losses. Exosomes have been reported to participate in intercellular communication by the transportation of a variety of biological materials, including RNAs, lipids, and proteins. However, PEDV transmission routes have not yet been fully elucidated, and whether exosomes function in PEDV transmission remains unclear.

Porcine deltacoronavirus resists antibody neutralization through cell-to-cell transmission.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteric coronavirus that has been reported to infect a variety of animals and even humans. Cell-cell fusion has been identified as an alternative pathway for the cell-to-cell transmission of certain viruses, but the ability of PDCoV to exploit this transmission model, and the relevant mechanisms, have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we provide evidence that cell-to-cell transmission is the main mechanism supporting PDCoV spread in cell culture and that this efficient spread model is mediated by spike glycoprotein-driven cell-cell fusion.

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus nsp7 Inhibits MDA5 Dephosphorylation to Antagonize Type I Interferon Production.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a reemerging enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes high mortality in piglets and has catastrophic effects on the global pig industry. PEDV-encoded nonstructural protein 7 (nsp7) is an important component of the viral replication and transcription complex, and a previous study reported that it inhibits poly(I:C)-induced type I interferon (IFN) production, but the mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that ectopic expression of PEDV nsp7 antagonized Sendai virus (SeV)-induced interferon beta (IFN-β) production, as well as the activation of transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in both HEK-293T and LLC-PK1 cells.

Porcine deltacoronavirus uses heparan sulfate as an attachment receptor.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus with extensive tissue tropism and cross-species transmission potential. Heparan sulfate (HS) is a complex polysaccharide ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix and acts as an attachment factor for many viruses. However, whether PDCoV uses HS as an attachment receptor is unclear.

Porcine deltacoronavirus accessory protein NS7a possesses the functional characteristics of a viroporin.

Viroporins are virus-encoded proteins that mediate ion channel (IC) activity, playing critical roles in virus entry, replication, pathogenesis, and immune evasion. Previous studies have shown that some coronavirus accessory proteins have viroporin-like activity. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus that encodes three accessory proteins, NS6, NS7, and NS7a.

Induction and modulation of the unfolded protein response during porcine deltacoronavirus infection.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus that has the potential for cross-species infection. Many viruses have been reported to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). To date, little is known about whether and, if so, how the UPR is activated by PDCoV infection.

Construction, Characterization and Application of Recombinant Porcine Deltacoronavirus Expressing Nanoluciferase.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes diarrhoea in suckling piglets and has the potential for cross-species transmission. No effective PDCoV vaccines or antiviral drugs are currently available. Here, we successfully generated an infectious clone of PDCoV strain CHN-HN-2014 using a combination of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based reverse genetics system with a one-step homologous recombination.

Porcine Deltacoronavirus Enters Porcine IPI-2I Intestinal Epithelial Cells via Macropinocytosis and Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Dependent on pH and Dynamin.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes serious diarrhea in suckling piglets and has the potential for cross-species transmission. Although extensive studies have been reported on the biology and pathogenesis of PDCoV, the mechanisms by which PDCoV enters cells are not well characterized. In this study, we investigated how PDCoV enters IPI-2I cells, a line of porcine intestinal epithelial cells derived from pig ileum.

Functions of Coronavirus Accessory Proteins: Overview of the State of the Art.

Coronavirus accessory proteins are a unique set of proteins whose genes are interspersed among or within the genes encoding structural proteins. Different coronavirus genera, or even different species within the same coronavirus genus, encode varying amounts of accessory proteins, leading to genus- or species-specificity. Though accessory proteins are dispensable for the replication of coronavirus in vitro, they play important roles in regulating innate immunity, viral proliferation, and pathogenicity.

Porcine deltacoronavirus nsp10 antagonizes interferon-β production independently of its zinc finger domains.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes serious vomiting and diarrhea in piglets. Previous work demonstrated that PDCoV infection inhibits type I interferon (IFN) production. Here, we found that ectopic expression of PDCoV nsp10 significantly inhibited Sendai virus (SeV)-induced IFN-β production by impairing the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of two transcription factors, IRF3 and NF-κB p65 subunit.

Porcine Deltacoronavirus Accessory Protein NS7a Antagonizes IFN-β Production by Competing With TRAF3 and IRF3 for Binding to IKKε.

As an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) not only causes serious diarrhea in suckling piglets but also possesses the potential for cross-species transmission, which has sparked growing interest when studying this emerging virus. We previously identified a novel accessory protein NS7a encoded by PDCoV; however, the function of NS7a was not resolved. In this study, we demonstrated that PDCoV NS7a is an interferon antagonist.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) modulates calcium influx to favor viral replication.

Ionic calcium (Ca) is a versatile intracellular second messenger that plays important roles in cellular physiological and pathological processes. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes serious vomiting and diarrhea in suckling piglets. In this study, the role of Ca to PDCoV infection was investigated.