Retinal sensitivity changes in early/intermediate AMD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of visual field testing under mesopic and scotopic lighting.

Visual fields under mesopic and scotopic lighting are increasingly being used for macular functional assessment. This review evaluates its statistical significance and clinical relevance, and the optimal testing protocol for early/intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD). PubMed and Embase were searched from inception to 14/05/2022.

Deficits in the pupillary response associated with abnormal visuospatial attention allocation in mild traumatic brain injury.

Introduction: The ability to allocate visual attention is known to be impaired in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In the present study, we investigated a possible neural correlate of this cognitive deficit by examining the pupil response of patients with mTBI whilst performing a modified Posner visual search task.

Method: Two experiments were conducted in which the target location was either not cued (Experiment 1) or cued (Experiment 2).

Pupil size change in agricultural workers exposed to pesticides.

Clinical Relevance: Pupil size evaluation using clinical examination may be important for detecting and monitoring individuals at risk of neurotoxic effects from chemical exposure, as it may enable early intervention and the implementation of preventive measures.

Background: This work aimed to investigate the association between pesticide exposure and pupil size. Pupil size is regulated by muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, and it is well-established that common pesticide chemicals disrupt this regulation.

Characterisation of the normal human ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer using widefield optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: To describe variations in ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness in a healthy cohort from widefield optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans.

Methods: Widefield OCT scans spanning 55° × 45° were acquired from 470 healthy eyes. The GCIPL was automatically segmented using deep learning methods.

Impairment of visual and neurologic functions associated with agrochemical use.

To determine whether exposure to occupational levels of agrochemicals is associated with a range of low- (contrast and colour) and higher-level visual functions, particularly the detection of global form and motion coherence. We compared the performance of workers exposed to occupational levels of pesticides and non-exposed individuals on visual tasks that measured colour discrimination (Farnsworth Munsell 100 and Lanthony D15 desaturated) and the contrast sensitivity function (1-16 cpd). Global form and motion detection thresholds were measured using Glass-pattern and global dot motion stimuli.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of different optical interventions on the control of myopia in children.

To compare the treatment efficacy of childhood myopia control optical interventions [spectacles, soft contact lenses (SCLs) and orthokeratology (OK) lenses], explore the consistency of treatment efficacies during the treatment period and evaluate the impact of baseline spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL) and age on the treatment effect. A literature search of EMBASE, PubMed and Google Scholar databases identified 220 articles published between January 2000 and April 2022, which reported the treatment efficacy by differences in the SER and AL change between intervention and control groups. Thirty-five articles were included in the analysis.

Visualising structural and functional characteristics distinguishing between newly diagnosed high-tension and low-tension glaucoma patients.

Purpose: To determine whether there are quantifiable structural or functional differences that can distinguish between high-tension glaucoma (HTG; intraocular pressure [IOP] > 21 mm Hg) and low-tension glaucoma (LTG; IOP ≤ 21 mm Hg) at diagnosis.

Method: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study. Clinical results of one eye from 90 newly diagnosed HTG and 319 newly diagnosed LTG patients (117 with very-low-tension glaucoma [vLTG; ≤15 mm Hg] and 202 with middling LTG [mLTG; >15 mm Hg, ≤21 mm Hg]) were extracted, which included relevant demographic covariates of glaucoma, quantitative optical coherence tomography (including the optic nerve head, retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer) measurements and standard automated perimetry global metrics.

The impact of traumatic brain injury on inhibitory control processes assessed using a delayed antisaccade task.

It has been well established that traumatic brain injury (TBI) can affect cognitive function such as attention, working memory and executive functions. In the present study, we further investigated TBI-related changes in cognitive functions by investigating the ability to reorient visuospatial attention using a modified antisaccade task. Performing an antisaccade requires disengaging attention, inhibiting a reflexive saccade, and then engaging attention to execute a voluntary saccade in a direction opposite to a peripheral target.

High sampling resolution optical coherence tomography reveals potential concurrent reductions in ganglion cell-inner plexiform and inner nuclear layer thickness but not in outer retinal thickness in glaucoma.

Purpose: To analyse optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived inner nuclear layer (INL) and outer retinal complex (ORC) measurements relative to ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measurements in glaucoma.

Methods: Glaucoma participants (n = 271) were categorised by 10-2 visual field defect type. Differences in GCIPL, INL and ORC thickness were calculated between glaucoma and matched healthy eyes (n = 548).

Deficits in visuospatial attentional cueing following mild traumatic brain injury.

Visual attentional deficits are frequently reported in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the present study, the ability to orient visual attention (i.e.

Deficits in multiple object-tracking and visual attention following mild traumatic brain injury.

Difficulty in the ability to allocate and maintain visual attention is frequently reported by patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the present study, we used a multiple object tracking (MOT) task to investigate the degree to which TBI affects the allocation and maintenance of visual attention to multiple moving targets. Fifteen adults with mild TBI and 20 control participants took part in this study.

Changes in the components of visual attention following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to understand the impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on visual attention and whether different components and processes of visual attention (such as selective, sustained, divided, and covert orientation of visual attention) are affected following brain injury.

Methods: A literature search between January 1980 to May 2021 was conducted using Medline, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases was undertaken for studies that assessed visual attention using different tasks that target specific or multiple components of visual attention. Three hundred twenty-nine potentially relevant articles were identified, and 20 studies met our inclusion criteria.

Prediction of Retinal Ganglion Cell Counts Considering Various Displacement Methods From OCT-Derived Ganglion Cell-Inner Plexiform Layer Thickness.

Purpose: To compare various displacement models using midget retinal ganglion cell to cone (mRGC:C) ratios and to determine viability of estimating RGC counts from optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measurements.

Methods: Four Drasdo model variations were applied to macular visual field (VF) stimulus locations: (1) using meridian-specific Henle fiber length along the stimulus circumference; (2) using meridian-specific differences in RGC receptive field and counts along the stimulus circumference; (3) per method (2), averaged across principal meridians; and (4) per method (3), with the stimulus center displaced only. The Sjöstrand model was applied (5) along the stimulus circumference and (6) to the stimulus center only.

Clinical Evaluations of Macular Structure-Function Concordance With and Without Drasdo Displacement.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare concordance between ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) data from the Cirrus optical coherence tomographer (OCT) Ganglion Cell Analysis (GCA) and visual fields (VFs), with and without Drasdo displacement.

Methods: From 296 open-angle glaucoma participants, GCIPL deviation and raw thickness data were extracted over locations per the 10-2 VF test grid, with and without application of Drasdo displacement, with global and eccentricity-dependent sensitivities and specificities calculated for both. With OCT and VF data classified as within or outside normative limits, pattern deviation values were compared using paired t-tests and Spearman correlations.

Evaluating the extent of change in near point of convergence in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes significant impact on visual system. This study reports the impact of TBI on the near point of convergence (NPC) measure in individuals with mild TBI.

Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted for studies that quantified NPC changes in mild TBI.

The effect of blue light filtering lenses on speed perception.

Blue-light filtering lenses (BFLs) are marketed to protect the eyes from blue light that may be hazardous to the visual system. Because BFLs attenuate light, they reduce object contrast, which may impact visual behaviours such as the perception of object speed which reduces with contrast. In the present study, we investigated whether speed perception is affected by BFLs.

Visuospatial Attention Allocation as an Indicator of Cognitive Deficit in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is defined by changes in brain function resulting from external forces acting on the brain and is typically characterized by a host of physiological and functional changes such as cognitive deficits including attention problems. In the present study, we focused on the effect of TBI on the ability to allocate attention in vision (i.e.

Modelling the effect of light through commercially available blue-blocking lenses on the human circadian system.

Clinical Relevance: Wearing blue-blocking lenses (BBLs) in the evening hours may not be effective in improving sleep quality. Optometrists need to be informed in prescribing BBLs by highlighting the consequences of their wear to the circadian system.

Background: Excessive exposure to artificial light, particularly at short wavelengths, during the evening, may disrupt normal nocturnal melatonin production, which is a natural process of the circadian rhythm and affect sleep quality.

The Effect of Blue-blocking Lenses on Photostress Recovery Times.

Significance: The selective reduction in visible wavelengths transmitted through commercially available blue-blocking lenses (BBLs) is known to influence the appearance and contrast detection of objects, particularly at low light levels. This influence may impair the human retinal receptor response time to dynamic light changes during photostress events.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess whether BBLs selectively affect photostress recovery times (PSRTs) for chromatic and achromatic stimuli of different Weber contrasts that were viewed on a dark black background.

Visualizing the Consistency of Clinical Characteristics that Distinguish Healthy Persons, Glaucoma Suspect Patients, and Manifest Glaucoma Patients.

Purpose: To use factor analysis to visualize and assess the reproducibility and consistency of clinical quantitative parameters that can optimally distinguish among healthy, glaucoma suspect, and manifest glaucoma patients at a cross-sectional level and thus to describe the transition of quantitative change among the diagnostic categories.

Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Participants: The medical records of healthy, glaucoma suspect, and manifest glaucoma patients (diagnosed by expert clinicians) seen at the Centre for Eye Health in 2015 (n = 148, n = 664, and n = 129, respectively) and 2018 (n = 242, n = 464, and n = 126, respectively) were reviewed.

Validation of a novel functional test for assessing metamorphopsia using epiretinal membranes as a model.

Current tests for assessing metamorphopsia do not account for confounders such as perceptual filling-in and spatial redundancy, which affect its sensitivity and repeatability. This proof-of-concept study aimed to assess the performance of a novel laboratory-based psychophysical test (Line Sag Test, LST) which addresses these issues for quantification of metamorphopsia in idiopathic epiretinal membranes. The LST quantifies perpendicular metamorphopsia at three eccentricities (3°, 6°, and 9°) along eight meridians (45° steps).