Estimation of the domestic water demand‒supply scenario and its key driving factors in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area, Pakistan.

Domestic water availability is intricately linked with a growing population, urbanization, and associated land use/land cover change (LULCC). Precise and periodic assessments of water supply and demand are imperative for the sustainability of urban ecosystems. The present study provides a situational analysis of the domestic water supply and demand and LULC to quantify their impacts on water resources in the rapidly growing water scarce metropolitan area of Islamabad-Rawalpindi.