Transcription factor RFX4 binding to the testis-specific histone H1t promoter in spermatocytes may be important for regulation of H1t gene transcription during spermatogenesis.

The X-box binding protein RFX4 is highly expressed in testis in contrast with other tissues, but its function there is unknown. Another family member abundant in testis, RFX2, has been shown to bind to the X-Box elements in the promoter of the testis specific histone H1t, which is expressed only in pachytene spermatocytes. RFX proteins are known to dimerize, and there is the possibility that the abundant testis RFX4, which is also expressed in pachytene spermatocytes as shown by RT-PCR and Western blotting, may interact with RFX2 in these cells.

Binding of RFX2 and NF-Y to the testis-specific histone H1t promoter may be required for transcriptional activation in primary spermatocytes.

The testis-specific linker histone H1t is transcribed exclusively in pachytene spermatocytes during spermatogenesis. The H1t promoter contains two imperfect inverted repeats which together comprise the X-box motif that is known to bind the transcription factor regulatory factor X (RFX). Out of all the histone H1 family promoters this motif appears only in the H1t promoter and may contribute to H1t tissue-specific expression.

Transcription factor RFX2 is abundant in rat testis and enriched in nuclei of primary spermatocytes where it appears to be required for transcription of the testis-specific histone H1t gene.

Previous work in our laboratory revealed upregulated transcription of the testis-specific linker histone H1t gene in pachytene primary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis. Using the H1t X-box as an affinity chromatography probe, we identified Regulatory Factor X2 (RFX2), a member of the RFX family of transcription factors, as a nuclear protein that binds the probe. We also showed that RFX2 activated the H1t promoter in transient expression assays.

Transcriptional activation of the testis-specific histone H1t gene by RFX2 may require both proximal promoter X-box elements.

The rat testis-specific linker histone H1t gene is transcribed in pachytene primary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis. Our previous work using transgenic mice demonstrated that spermatocyte-specific transcription of the H1t gene is dependent upon a proximal promoter element designated the TE element. TE is composed of two adjacent and inverted imperfect repeat sequences designated TE1 and TE2 and both of these palindromic elements are similar in sequence to the X-box, a DNA consensus sequence that binds regulatory factor X (RFX).

Changes in adipocyte hormones leptin, resistin, and adiponectin in thyroid dysfunction.

Thyroid hormones as well as the recently discovered secretory products of adipose tissue adiponectin and resistin take part in energy metabolism. To study the changes in the adipocyte hormones with changes in the thyroid functional status, we measured adiponectin, resistin, and leptin in 69 subjects with Graves' disease before and 32 patients at follow up after treatment for hyperthyroidism at hypothyroid state. Concentrations of serum adiponectin and resistin were higher in hyperthyroid state than in hypothyroid state (adiponectin: 5.

Regulatory factor X2 (RFX2) binds to the H1t/TE1 promoter element and activates transcription of the testis-specific histone H1t gene.

Transcription of the mammalian testis-specific linker histone H1t gene occurs only in pachytene primary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis. Studies of the wild type (Wt) and mutant H1t promoters in transgenic mice show that transcription of the H1t gene is dependent upon the TE promoter element. We purified an 85 kDa protein from rat testis nuclear extracts using the TE1 subelement as an affinity chromatography probe and analysis revealed that the protein was RFX2.

Transcriptional repression of the testis-specific histone H1t gene mediated by an element upstream of the H1/AC box.

The testis-specific histone H1t gene is transcribed exclusively in primary spermatocytes and may be important for chromatin structure, transcription, and DNA repair during this stage of spermatogenesis. Transcriptional repression of the gene in other cell types is mediated in part by specific proximal and distal promoter elements and in some cell types by methylation of CpG dinucleotides within the promoter. Our laboratory identified a distal promoter element located between 948 and 780 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site and another laboratory identified a GC-rich region between the TATA box and transcription initiation site that contribute to repression.

TE2 and TE1 sub-elements of the testis-specific histone H1t promoter are functionally different.

The testis-specific linker histone H1t gene is transcribed exclusively in pachytene primary spermatocytes. Tissue specific expression of the gene is mediated in part by transcriptional factors that bind elements located within the proximal and distal promoter. A 40 bp promoter element, designated H1t/TE, that is located within the proximal promoter between the CCAAT-box and AC-box, is known to be essential for H1t gene transcription in transgenic animals.

Specific binding of nuclear proteins to a bifunctional promoter element upstream of the H1/AC box of the testis-specific histone H1t gene.

The testis-specific histone H1t gene is transcribed exclusively in primary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis. Studies with transgenic mice show that 141 base pairs (bp) of the H1t proximal promoter accompanied with 800 bp of downstream sequence are sufficient for tissue-specific transcription. Nuclear proteins from testis and pachytene spermatocytes produce footprints spanning the region covering the repressor element (RE) from 100 to 125 nucleotides upstream of the H1t transcriptional initiation site.

H1t/GC-box and H1t/TE1 element are essential for promoter activity of the testis-specific histone H1t gene.

The testis-specific linker histone H1t gene is transcribed exclusively in mid to late pachytene primary spermatocytes. Tissue-specific expression of the gene is mediated primarily through elements located within the proximal promoter. Previous work in transgenic animals identified a unique 40-base pair promoter element designated H1t/TE that is essential for spermatocyte-specific expression.

Sp1 and Sp3 activate the testis-specific histone H1t promoter through the H1t/GC-box.

The testis-specific linker histone H1t gene is transcribed exclusively in mid to late pachytene primary spermatocytes. Tissue specific expression of the gene is mediated in large part through elements located within the proximal promoter. Previous work in transgenic animals showed that a unique 40 bp promoter element designated H1t/TE is essential for spermatocyte-specific expression.

Methylation state of the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) CpG island in prostate cancer cell lines.

Background: PSMA expression varies among prostate cell lines. We examined the role of CpG methylation and histone deacetylation in PSMA transcriptional repression in prostate cell lines.

Materials And Methods: The methylation status of a PSMA CpG island was investigated in LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 prostate cell lines.

Upregulation of prostate specific membrane antigen/folate hydrolase transcription by an enhancer.

Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), also known as folate hydrolase (FOLH1), is a 100 kDa glycoprotein with elevated expression in prostate epithelial tissue. Expression of PSMA is upregulated as prostate tumor grade increases and is found in the vasculature of many tumors, with no presence in benign tissues. Due to the potential of the regulatory elements of the PSMA promoter and enhancer to be used in gene therapy and as biomarkers for prostate cancer under conditions of androgen ablation during treatment, we sequenced and analyzed the ability of 5.