Neuroprotective Potential of Tanshinone-IIA in Mitigating Propionic Acidinduced Experimental Autism-like Behavioral and Neurochemical Alterations: Insights into c-JNK and p38MAPK Pathways.

Introduction: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. These factors can lead to the overactivation of c-JNK and p38MAPK.

Methods: In rats, stereotactic intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of propionic acid (PPA) results in autistic-like characteristics such as poor social interaction, repetitive behaviours, and restricted communication.

Enhanced Neuroprotection in Experiment Multiple Sclerosis through Combined Rosiglitazone and Probiotic-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Modulation of Cellular Signaling Pathways.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a persistent autoimmune condition characterized by inflammation and neurodegeneration. The current efficacy of treatments is limited, which has generated interest in developing neuroprotective strategies. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and probiotics are potential drug delivery vehicles for targeting the CNS (Central nervous system), regulating immune responses, and supporting neuroprotection in neurological conditions.

Correction: Tiwari et al. Neuroprotective Effect of α-Mangostin in Ameliorating Propionic Acid-Induced Experimental Model of Autism in Wistar Rats. 2021, , 288.

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The SIRT-1/Nrf2/HO-1 axis: Guardians of neuronal health in neurological disorders.

SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase that functions through nucleoplasmic transfer and is present in nearly all mammalian tissues. SIRT1 is believed to deacetylate its protein substrates, resulting in neuroprotective actions, including reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, increased autophagy, increased nerve growth factors, and preserved neuronal integrity in aging or neurological disease. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates the genes responsible for oxidative stress response and substance detoxification.

Exploring the Neuroprotective Potential of Icariin through Modulation of Neural Pathways in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases.

Neuropathological diseases involve the death of neurons and the aggregation of proteins with altered properties in the brain. Proteins are used at the molecular level to categorize neurodegenerative disorders, emphasizing the importance of protein-processing mechanisms in their development. Natural herbal phytoconstituents, such as icariin, have addressed these neurological complications.

Rationally designed febuxostat-based hydroxamic acid and its pH-Responsive nanoformulation elicits anti-tumor activity.

Attempts to furnish antitumor structural templates that can prevent the occurrence of drug-induced hyperuricemia spurred us to generate xanthine oxidase inhibitor-based hydroxamic acids and anilides. Specifically, the design strategy involved the insertion of febuxostat (xanthine oxidase inhibitor) as a surface recognition part of the HDAC inhibitor pharmacophore model. Investigation outcomes revealed that hydroxamic acid 4 elicited remarkable antileukemic effects mediated via HDAC isoform inhibition.

Magnesium (Mg): Essential Mineral for Neuronal Health: From Cellular Biochemistry to Cognitive Health and Behavior Regulation.

Magnesium (Mg) is a crucial mineral involved in numerous cellular processes critical for neuronal health and function. This review explores the multifaceted roles of Mg, from its biochemical interactions at the cellular level to its impact on cognitive health and behavioral regulation. Mg acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymatic reactions, including those involved in ATP synthesis, nucleic acid stability, and neurotransmitter release.

Hereditary Patterns and Genetic Associations in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Neuropsychiatric Insights, Genetic Influences, and Treatment Perspectives.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), a prevalent neuropsychiatric condition, affects approximately 2%-3% of the global population. This paper provides an extensive overview of OCD, detailing its clinical manifestations, neurobiological underpinnings, and therapeutic approaches. It examines OCD's classification shift in the DSM-5, the role of the cortico-striatothalamo- cortical pathway in its development, and the various factors contributing to its etiology, such as genes, environmental factors, and genetic predispositions.

Targeting Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Remyelination: Emerging Therapies and Personalized Approaches in Multiple Sclerosis Management.

Multiple sclerosis [MS] is a progressive autoimmune condition that primarily affects young people and is characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration of the central nervous system [CNS]. This in-depth review explores the complex involvement of oligodendrocytes, the primary myelin- producing cells in the CNS, in the pathophysiology of MS. It discusses the biochemical processes and signalling pathways required for oligodendrocytes to function and remain alive, as well as how they might fail and cause demyelination to occur.

Thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids as dual alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: design, synthesis, and anti-diabetic evaluation.

Twelve 3,5-disubstituted-thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) hybrids were synthesized using solution phase chemistry. Continuing our previous work, nine -modified ethyl vanillin (8a-i) derivatives were synthesized and reacted with the TZD core Knoevenagel condensation under primary reaction conditions to obtain final derivatives 9a-i. Additionally, three isatin-TZD hybrids (11a-c) were synthesized.

Synthesis and Neurobehavioral Evaluation of a Potent Multitargeted Inhibitor for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant health challenge worldwide, affecting millions of individuals, and projected to increase further as the global population ages. Current pharmacological interventions primarily target acetylcholine deficiency and amyloid plaque formation, but offer limited efficacy and are often associated with adverse effects. Given the multifactorial nature of AD, there is a critical need for novel therapeutic approaches that simultaneously target multiple pathological pathways.

Immune System Dysregulation in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Implications.

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a prevalent neurological disorder, predominantly affects young adults and is characterized by chronic autoimmune activity. The study explores the immune system dysregulation in MS, highlighting the crucial roles of immune and non-neuronal cells in the disease's progression. This review examines the dual role of cytokines, with some like IL-6, TNF-α, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) promoting inflammation and CNS tissue injury, and others such as IL-4, IL-10, IL-37, and TGF-β fostering remyelination and protecting against MS.

Proton Pump Inhibitors and Cognitive Health: Review on Unraveling the Dementia Connection and Co-morbid Risks.

Dementia, an international health issue distinguished by the impairment of daily functioning due to cognitive decline, currently affects more than 55 million people worldwide, with the majority residing in low-income and middle-income countries. Globally, dementia entails significant economic burdens in 2019, amounting to a cost of 1.3 trillion US dollars.

Nanoparticles toxicity: an overview of its mechanism and plausible mitigation strategies.

Over the last decade, nanoparticles have found great interest among scientists and researchers working in various fields within the realm of biomedicine including drug delivery, gene delivery, diagnostics, targeted therapy and biomarker mapping. While their physical and chemical properties are impressive, there is growing concern about the toxicological potential of nanoparticles and possible adverse health effects as enhanced exposure of biological systems to nanoparticles may result in toxic effects leading to serious contraindications. Toxicity associated with nanoparticles (nanotoxicity) may include the undesired response of several physiological mechanisms including the distressing of cells by external and internal interaction with nanoparticles.

Discovery of thiazolidinedione-based pancreatic lipase inhibitors as anti-obesity agents: synthesis, studies and pharmacological investigations.

A series of new 2,5-disubstituted arylidene derivatives of thiazolidinedione () designed using molecular hybridization approach were synthesized, structurally characterized, and explored for their anti-obesity potential inhibition of Pancreatic Lipase (PL). Compound presented the most potent PL inhibitory activity with IC = 2.71 ± 0.

Formulation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Rosiglitazone and Probiotic: Optimization and Characterization.

Introduction: In the present study, solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with Rosiglitazone and probiotics were prepared solvent emulsification diffusion method which is patented. As a lipid and surfactant, Gleceryl monostearate and Pluronic -68 were used in the formulation process.

Methods: During characterization, it was determined that ingredient quantity variations significantly impacted Rosiglitazone loading capacity, particle size, polydispersity index, etc.

3,5-Disubstituted-thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids as antidiabetic agents: Design, synthesis, in-vitro and In vivo evaluation.

Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing metabolic disorders, nearly doubling the number of patients each year. There are different treatment approaches available for the management of diabetes, which lacks due to their side effects. The inhibition of enzymes involved in the metabolism of complex polysaccharides to monosaccharides has proven beneficial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Icariin prevents methylmercury-induced experimental neurotoxicity: Evidence from cerebrospinal fluid, blood plasma, brain samples, and in-silico investigations.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that causes significant neurodegeneration. Methylmercury (MeHg+) is a neurotoxin that induces axonal neurodegeneration and motor nerve degeneration by destroying oligodendrocytes, degenerating white matter, inducing apoptosis, excitotoxicity, and reducing myelin basic protein (MBP). This study examines the inhibition of SIRT-1 (silence information regulator 1), Nrf-2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2), HO-1 (heme oxygenase 1), and TDP-43 (TAR-DNA-binding protein 43) accumulation in the context of ALS, as well as the modulation of these proteins by icariin (15 and 30 mg/kg, orally), a glycoside flavonoid with neuroprotective properties.

Modulation of neural circuits by melatonin in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders are two broad categories of neurological disorders characterized by progressive impairments in movement and cognitive functions within the central and peripheral nervous systems, and have emerged as a significant cause of mortality. Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitter imbalances are recognized as prominent pathogenic factors contributing to cognitive deficits and neurobehavioral anomalies. Consequently, preventing neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases has surfaced as a pivotal challenge in contemporary public health.

Guggulsterone Selectively Modulates STAT-3, mTOR, and PPAR-Gamma Signaling in a Methylmercury-Exposed Experimental Neurotoxicity: Evidence from CSF, Blood Plasma, and Brain Samples.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a paralytic disease that damages the brain and spinal cord motor neurons. Several clinical and preclinical studies have found that methylmercury (MeHg) causes ALS. In ALS, MeHg-induced neurotoxicity manifests as oligodendrocyte destruction; myelin basic protein (MBP) deficiency leads to axonal death.

Purmorphamine, a Smo-Shh/Gli Activator, Promotes Sonic Hedgehog-Mediated Neurogenesis and Restores Behavioural and Neurochemical Deficits in Experimental Model of Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a pathological condition characterized by the demyelination of nerve fibers, primarily attributed to the destruction of oligodendrocytes and subsequent motor neuron impairment. Ethidium bromide (EB) is a neurotoxic compound that induces neuronal degeneration, resulting in demyelination and symptoms resembling those observed in experimental animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS). The neurotoxic effects induced by EB in multiple sclerosis (MS) are distinguished by the death of oligodendrocytes, degradation of myelin basic protein (MBP), and deterioration of axons.