MRI-guided transurethral ultrasound therapy of the prostate gland using real-time thermal mapping: initial studies.

Objective: To confirm the correlation between planning and thermal injury of the prostate as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histology in canine and humans treated with transurethral ultrasound.

Material And Methods: Canine studies: 2 sets of in vivo studies were performed under general anesthesia in 1.5 T clinical MRI.

Decoupling of stretch reflex and background muscle activity during anticipatory postural adjustments in humans.

We studied the evolution of stretch reflexes in relation to background electromyographic (EMG) activity in the soleus muscle preceding the onset of voluntary arm raise movements. Our objective was to investigate if changes in reflex EMG and muscle activity occur simultaneously and are similarly scaled in amplitude. Ten human subjects stood with each foot on pedals able to exert short dorsiflexor pulses during stance.

Reflex changes associated with anticipatory postural adjustments preceding voluntary arm movements in standing humans.

Dynamic changes in human stability, such as those induced by upper body movements, are preceded by anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in the rest of the body. We measured the excitability of the stretch reflex of the triceps-surae muscle group during APAs associated with unilateral right arm raises in standing humans. Our results demonstrate that reflex excitability and underlying muscle activity are linked during the APA period, but that they differ in their relative timing.