Antiretroviral therapies in women after single-dose nevirapine exposure.

Background: Peripartum administration of single-dose nevirapine reduces mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) but selects for nevirapine-resistant virus.

Methods: In seven African countries, women infected with HIV-1 whose CD4+ T-cell counts were below 200 per cubic millimeter and who either had or had not taken single-dose nevirapine at least 6 months before enrollment were randomly assigned to receive antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir–emtricitabine plus nevirapine or tenofovir-emtricitabine plus lopinavir boosted by a low dose of ritonavir. The primary end point was the time to confirmed virologic failure or death.

Geographic and temporal trends of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance among antiretroviral-naïve subjects screening for two clinical trials in North America and Western Europe.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve HIV-1-infected subjects who were screened for two clinical trials by geographic region and time.

Methods: Studies M03-613 and M05-730 screened ARV-naïve subjects in 2004 and 2005-2006, respectively. Screening drug resistance genotype assays were performed using population sequencing, and prevalence of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) was assessed at 39 amino acid positions in HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) and compared between geographic regions and calendar years.

Bioavailability of generic ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir tablet products in a dog model.

In this study, we explored the bioavailability in dogs and chemical potency of generic ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir tablet products manufactured by various pharmaceutical companies. Chemical potency of the products was examined by HPLC quantitation of ritonavir and lopinavir. Using a dog model, we determined point estimates for C(max) and AUC of ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir for eight generic products compared to Abbott's Norvir capsule and Kaletra tablet.

A case-control study of gynecomastia in HIV-1-infected patients receiving HAART.

Gynecomastia has been reported to occur in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART. A retrospective case-control study was conducted to determine risk factors associated with this condition. Two control patients were randomly chosen for each of 23 case patients identified.

Linezolid-resistant, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infection in patients without prior exposure to linezolid.

We describe 2 patients without prior exposure to linezolid who were infected with closely related strains of linezolid- and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (LRVREF) that may have been hospital acquired. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the domain V region of the 23S ribosomal RNA gene demonstrated the presence of the G2576U mutation previously reported to be associated with linezolid resistance. Nosocomial transmission of LRVREF is an ominous sign and underscores the importance of meticulous infection-control measures.