G-CSF attenuates neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis via the mTOR/p70SK6 signaling pathway in neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia rat model.

Background: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of permanent damage to the central nervous system, associated with long-lasting neurological disabilities and neurodevelopmental impairment in neonates. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been shown to have neuroprotective activity in a variety of experimental brain injury models and G-CSF is a standard treatment in chemotherapeutic-induced neutropenia. The underlying mechanisms are still unclear.

A New Neural Pathway from the Ventral Striatum to the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert with Functional Implication to Learning and Memory.

The cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) are among the first group of neurons known to become degenerated in Alzheimer's disease, and thus the NBM is proposed to be involved in learning and memory. The marginal division (MrD) of the striatum is a newly discovered subdivision at the ventromedial border of the mammalian striatum and is considered to be one part of the ventral striatum involved in learning and memory. The present study provided evidence to support the hypothesis that the MrD and the NBM were structurally connected at cellular and subcellular levels with functional implications in learning and memory.

Altered functional connectivity of the marginal division in Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot resting-state fMRI study.

Background: The marginal division (MrD) is an important subcortical center involved in learning and memory. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is commonly seen in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), but the neurobiological basis is yet to be elucidated.

Purpose: To use resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to explore the altered functional connectivity (FC) of the MrD in patients with PD-MCI.

New learning and memory related pathways among the hippocampus, the amygdala and the ventromedial region of the striatum in rats.

Background: The hippocampus, central amygdaloid nucleus and the ventromedial region (marginal division) of the striatum have been reported to be involved in the mechanism of learning and memory. This study aimed elucidating anatomical and functional connections among these brain areas during learning and memory.

Results: In the first part of this study, the c-Fos protein was used to explore functional connections among these structures.

The marginal division of the striatum and hippocampus has different role and mechanism in learning and memory.

The memory function of the hippocampal formation (Hip) and the marginal division (MrD) of neostriatum was compared. Rats with bilateral lesions of the MrD either immediate or 24 h after training in Y-maze were found to have decrease in correct runs in both groups. However, animals with transected afferent and efferent nerve bundles to isolate the Hip immediately or 24 h after training in Y-maze were found to show a decrease in correct runs only in the group injured immediately after Y-maze training but not in the 24 h group suggesting that MrD is likely involved in the entire process of long-term memory consolidation whereas the Hip only contributes to memory in the early stage.

Comparison of microRNA expression in hippocampus and the marginal division (MrD) of the neostriatum in rats.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of highly conserved small non-coding RNA molecules, are known to play essential roles in central nervous system (CNS) by causing post-transcriptional gene silencing. There is much evidence that miRNAs have specific temporal and spatial expression patterns in the mammal brain, but little is known about the role of the region specificity for the gene regulatory networks of the brain. This study represents the first attempt to perform a profiling analysis of the differential expression of miRNAs between hippocampus and the Marginal division (MrD) of the neostriatum in the rat brain.

Dissociated brain organization for two-digit addition and subtraction: an fMRI investigation.

The present study compared the patterns of brain activation elicited by two-digit addition and subtraction problems. Thirty-two Chinese undergraduates of the same educational background and of similar age were asked to assess whether arithmetic operations were true or false during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results showed that both complex addition and subtraction were supported by the broad neural system that involved regions within the inferior parietal lobule, the precuneus, and the inferior occipital gyrus, as well as some subcortical structures.

[A study on the neuronal mechanism of retrieval of long-term digital memory in human by functional magnetic resonance imaging].

To investigate the neuronal mechanism of retrieval of long-term digital memory in healthy volunteers, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique was used in the study. Twenty-two right-handed volunteers were subjected to a long-term digital memory test with block-design. The memory task and control task were adopted in the experiment alternatively.

Immunohistochemical localization of mu opioid receptor in the marginal division with comparison to patches in the neostriatum of the rat brain.

Background: Mu opioid receptor (MOR), which plays key roles in analgesia and also has effects on learning and memory, was reported to distribute abundantly in the patches of the neostriatum. The marginal division (MrD) of the neostriatum, which located at the caudomedial border of the neostriatum, was found to stain for enkephalin and substance P immunoreactivities and this region was found to be involved in learning and memory in our previous study. However, whether MOR also exists in the MrD has not yet been determined.

The role of substance P in the marginal division of the neostriatum in learning and memory is mediated through the neurokinin 1 receptor in rats.

Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that plays an important role in inflammation, respiration, pain, aggression, anxiety, and learning and memory mainly through its high affinity neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). The marginal division (MrD) is a pan-shaped subdivision in the caudomedial margin of the neostriatum in the mammalian brain and is known to be involved in learning and memory. We studied the expression of SP, NK1R and NK1R mRNA in the rat striatum by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization, and found that the levels of SP, NK1R protein and NK1R mRNA were high in the cell bodies, fibers and terminals of neurons in the neostriatum, especially in the MrD.

[The brain mechanism of memory encoding and retrieval: a review on the fMRI studies].

Memory encoding and memory retrieval are two important processes of the memory. The main results of studies on the neural basis of the memory encoding and memory retrieval by functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) technique were summarized in this review. The neural basis of memory encoding and retrieval phases varies with different materials, memory types, and age stages.

[Effect of the drug-resistant attenuated Bacillus proteus on CD80 and CD86 protein expression in peripheral blood dendritic cells of hepatitis B patients].

Objective: To explore the effect of the drug-resistant attenuated Bacillus proteus on the protein expression of CD80 and CD86 in peripheral blood dendritic cells (DCs) of hepatitis B patients.

Method: Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from HBV-infected patients and the DCs were separated and induced to differentiate in vitro. The expression of CD80 and CD86 proteins on cultured DCs were examined using flow cytometry.

[Activated brain areas during simple and complex mental calculation--a functional MRI study].

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to study the activated brain areas of human during simple and complex digital calculation, and to investigate the role of cortical and subcortical structures involved in the mental calculation. Sixteen right-handed healthy volunteers performed mental calculation of simple and complex addition/subtraction respectively, while the fMRI data were recorded by a Seimens 1.5 T MR machine.

[Influence of stapedectomy on the hearing of guinea pigs].

Objective: To compare the influences of stapedectomy and small fenestra stapedotomy on the hearing of guinea pigs.

Methods: Twenty-four (48 ears) guinea pigs were randomized equally into two groups, and the left ears were subjected to stapedectomy and total stapes replacement with a prosthesis, or sham operation (12 ears) to expose the footplate of the stapes and the round window. Each guinea pig was tested by ABR perioperatively.

[NR2B-pERK1/2-pElk-1 signaling contributes to the avoidance learning and memory of rats].

Aim: To investigate whether NR2B-pERK1/2-pElk-1 signaling contributes to the Y-maze learning and memory of rat brain.

Methods: 45 adult male SD rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) Ifenprodil peritoneal injection group (Ifenprodil ip, n = 14); (2) DMSO peritoneal injection group(DMSO ip, n = 15); (3) Ifenprodil cerebral ventricle injection group (Ifenprodil ic, n = 8); (4) DMSO cerebral ventricle injection group(DMSO ic, n = 8). Y-maze training and test were used as an learning and memory enhancing stimulus.

[Analysis of auditory steady-state response to multiple simultaneous stimuli and cochlea morphology in guinea pigs with posterior semicircular canal fistula].

Objective: To observe the changes of auditory steady-state response (ASSR) threshold in guinea pigs with posterior semicircular canal fistula.

Methods: In 10 guinea pigs, a window was opened in the posterior semicircular canal of the left ear with the right ear serving as the control for testing the ASSR under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium.

Results: The mean and standard deviation of ASSR threshold (dB SPL) at 0.

Expression of c-fos and c-jun proteins in the marginal division of the rat striatum during learning and memory training.

Background: A new brain region, the marginal division (MrD), was discovered at the caudal margin of the neostriatum. The MrD was shown to be involved in learning and memory in the rat. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the immediate-early genes c-fos and c-jun in the MrD of the striatum during learning and memory processes in the rat, immunocytochemical and Western blot methods were used to examine Y-maze trained rats.

[Clinical analysis of the relationship between injury of the marginal division and cognitive impairment].

Objective: To investigate the relationship between injury in the marginal division (MrD) of the striatum and the cognitive impairment.

Methods: Twenty patients with injury in the MrD of the striatum were examined routinely by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cognitive tests of each patient were performed and the results evaluated against their MRI findings.

Hippocampal long-term potentiation attenuated by lesions in the marginal division of neostriatum.

The marginal division (MrD) is a spindled-neurons consisted zone at the caudal border of the neostriatum in the mammalian brain and has been verified as contributing to associative learning and declarative memory in the rat and human with behavior and functional magnetic resonance imaging methods. It was proved to have functional connections with the limbic system. Whether the MrD has influence on the hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) was investigated in this study.

New component of the limbic system: Marginal division of the neostriatum that links the limbic system to the basal nucleus of Meynert.

The limbic system refers to a group of connected neural regions that are associated with motivation, learning, and memory. The marginal division (MrD) is a zone located at the caudal border of the neostriatum in mammalian brains that has been shown to be involved in learning and memory. In a previous study, c-fos expression showed functional connections between the MrD, basal nucleus of Meynert (NBM) and limbic system (Shu et al.

Interactions among memory-related centers in the brain.

The structures associated with learning and memory have been widely studied for over 100 years. The idea of the famous neuropsychologist K.S.

Marginal division of the neostriatum: a subcortical memory center.

The marginal division (MrD) is a pan-shaped subdivision in the caudal margin of the neostriatum newly discovered in the brains of the rat, cat, monkey and humans. A variety of intensely expressed neuropeptides and monoamines and their receptors were identified in the fibers, terminals and neuronal somata in the MrD with immunohistochemical and patch clamp methods. The MrD was shown to be involved in learning and memory by double-blind studies of Y-maze learning and long-term potentiation in rats.

[Role of the marginal division of human neostriatum in working memory capacity for numbers received through hearing: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study].

Objective: With the help with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique, we aim to clarify whether the marginal division of the striatum (MrD) is involved in the working memory function of human brain for remembering numbers received through hearing.

Methods: Thirteen healthy volunteers were instructed to undertake both a working memory task, in which the subjects were asked to remember as many numbers read to them as possible, and a non-working memory control task, in which the subjects were not asked to remember the numbers. FMRI of the brain was performed in the 2 groups while the tests were being carried out separately, and the activity of the brain regions was compared between these 2 tasks.