Methodology for the selection and evaluation of outcomes for Chinese herbal injection in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD): a comprehensive study.

Objective: To develop a comprehensive framework for selecting outcomes in evaluating the clinical efficacy of Chinese herbal injections and to scientifically select outcomes for the clinical randomized controlled trial (RCT) of Tan-Re-Qing injection intervening AECOPD.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review and consensus methods, including focus groups and Delphi surveys, were utilized.

Results: Literature analysis identified 513 publications, encompassing regulatory guidance, guidelines, expert consensus, and RCTs.

Pharmacokinetic drug interactions between ondansetron and tamoxifen in female Sprague-Dawley rats with DMBA-induced mammary tumor.

Tamoxifen, which is used to treat breast cancer, and ondansetron, used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea, are commonly metabolized via cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D subfamily and 3A1/2 in rats, as in humans. This study was conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetic interactions between ondansetron and tamoxifen after intravenous and oral administration of ondansetron (both 8 mg/kg) and/or tamoxifen (2 and 10 mg/kg for intravenous and oral administration, respectively), in rats bearing 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammarian tumors (DMBA rats), used as an animal model of human breast cancer. The total area under the plasma concentration-time curve, from time zero to infinity (AUC) of tamoxifen was significantly greater after both intravenous and oral administration with ondansetron, compared to that after administration of tamoxifen-alone.

Effects of morin on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Etoposide, used for the treatment of breast cancer, is mainly metabolized via hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 in humans and is also a substrate for p-glycoprotein (P-gp). Morin is known to be able to modulate the activities of metabolic enzymes including CYPs and can act as a potent P-gp inhibitor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of morin on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide in rats with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors.

Reduced clearance of ε-acetamidocaproic acid in rats with acute renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate.

Objectives: Anti-ulcer drugs are frequently used in patients with acute renal failure (ARF). Zinc acexamate is ionized to zinc and ε-acetamidocaproic acid and free EACA exerts a potent therapeutic effect in treating gastric or duodenal ulcers with few side effects. Thus, pharmacokinetic changes in rats with acute renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate (U-ARF rats) were investigated in this study.

Effects of morin on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in rats with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors.

Docetaxel is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and metabolized via cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A subfamily in rats. Morin is an inhibitor of both CYPs and P-gp. Hence, the effects of morin on the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of docetaxel were investigated using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumor rats (DMBA rats) as an animal model of human breast cancer.

Effects of lovastatin on the pharmacokinetics of nicardipine in rats.

It has been reported that both nicardipine and lovastatin are substrates of both the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A subfamily and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and P-gp transport is unlikely to be a significant factor. Thus, the effects of oral lovastatin on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral nicardipine were investigated in rats. Nicardipine was administered intravenously (4 mg/kg) and orally (12 mg/kg) with 0 (control), 0.

Pharmacokinetics and first-pass metabolism of astaxanthin in rats.

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. The pharmacokinetics of astaxanthin after its intravenous (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) and oral (100 and 200 mg/kg) administration and its first-pass extraction ratios after its intravenous, intraportal or intragastric (20 mg/kg) administration were evaluated in rats. The pharmacokinetic parameters of astaxanthin were dose dependent after its intravenous administration, due to the saturable hepatic metabolism of astaxanthin, but dose independent after oral administration.

Pharmacokinetics of drugs in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan or streptozocin: comparison with those in patients with type I diabetes mellitus.

Objectives: In rats with diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan (DMIA) or streptozocin (DMIS), changes in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes in the liver, lung, kidney, intestine, brain, and testis have been reported based on Western blot analysis, Northern blot analysis, and various enzyme activities. Changes in phase II enzyme activities have been reported also. Hence, in this review, changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs that were mainly conjugated and metabolized via CYPs or phase II isozymes in rats with DMIA or DMIS, as reported in various literature, have been explained.

Pharmacokinetic interaction between tamoxifen and ondansetron in rats: non-competitive (hepatic) and competitive (intestinal) inhibition of tamoxifen metabolism by ondansetron via CYP2D subfamily and 3A1/2.

Purpose: Tamoxifen and ondansetron were commonly metabolized via rat hepatic CYP2D subfamily and 3A1/2, and ondansetron is used to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea. The purpose of this study was to report the pharmacokinetic interaction between tamoxifen and ondansetron in rats.

Methods: The pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and ondansetron were evaluated after the intravenous and oral administration of tamoxifen, ondansetron, and both drugs together to rats.

Dose-independent pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in rats: contribution of hepatic and intestinal first-pass effects to low bioavailability.

The pharmacokinetic parameters of ondansetron were evaluated after its intravenous (at doses of 1, 4, 8 and 20 mg/kg) and oral (4, 8 and 20 mg/kg) administration to rats. The gastric, intestinal and hepatic first-pass effects of ondansetron were also evaluated after its intravenous, oral, intraportal, intragastric and intraduodenal administration at a dose of 8 mg/kg to rats. After intravenous and oral administration of ondansetron, the drug exhibits dose-independent pharmacokinetics in rats.

Gender differences in ondansetron pharmacokinetics in rats.

It has been reported that ondansetron is primarily metabolized via hepatic CYP2D and 3A1/2 in male Sprague-Dawley rats, and CYP2D1 and 3A2 are male dominant and male specific isozymes, respectively, in rats. Thus, it could be expected that the pharmacokinetics of ondansetron would be changed in male rats compared with those in female rats. Thus, gender-different ondansetron pharmacokinetics were evaluated after its intravenous or oral administration at a dose of 8 mg/kg to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Effects of cytochrome P450 (CYP) inducers and inhibitors on ondansetron pharmacokinetics in rats: involvement of hepatic CYP2D subfamily and 3A1/2 in ondansetron metabolism.

The types of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes responsible for the in-vivo metabolism of ondansetron in rats have not been reported. In this study, ondansetron at a dose of 8 mg kg(-1) was administered intravenously to rats pretreated with various inducers of CYP isozymes, such as 3-methylcholanthrene, orphenadrine citrate, isoniazid and dexamethasone phosphate (the main inducers of CYP1A1/2, 2B1/2, 2E1 and 3A1/2 in rats, respectively), and inhibitors, such as SKF-525A (a non-specific inhibitor of CYP isozymes), sulfaphenazole, quinine hydrochloride and troleandomycin (the main inhibitors of CYP2C6, 2D subfamily and 3A1/2 in rats, respectively). In rats pretreated with quinine hydrochloride and troleandomycin, the time-averaged non-renal clearance of ondansetron was significantly slower (48.

Fast full-view photoacoustic imaging by combined scanning with a linear transducer array.

We present a fast full-view photoacoustic imaging system for visualizing tissue structures using a linear transducer array with combined scan. In this system, a 128-element linear transducer array was used to detect photoacoustic signals by combined scanning of electronic scan and mechanical scan. An improved limited-field filtered back projection algorithm with directivity factors was applied to reconstruct the optical absorption distribution.

Pharmacokinetics of DA-7218, a new oxazolidinone, and its active metabolite, DA-7157, after intravenous and oral administration of DA-7218 and DA-7157 to rats.

DA-7218 (a prodrug of DA-7157), a new oxazolidinone, was hydrolysed via phosphatase to form its active metabolite, DA-7157, in rats. The pharmacokinetic parameters of DA-7218 and DA-7157 were evaluated after intravenous (5, 10 and 20 mg kg(-1)) and oral (20, 50 and 100 mg kg(-1)) administration of DA-7218 to rats. DA-7218 and DA-7157 exhibited dose-proportional pharmacokinetics after both intravenous and oral administration of DA-7218 to rats.

Dose-independent pharmacokinetics of clindamycin after intravenous and oral administration to rats: contribution of gastric first-pass effect to low bioavailability.

The pharmacokinetic parameters of clindamycin were evaluated after intravenous (at doses of 50, 100, and 200mg/kg) and oral (at doses of 75, 150, and 300mg/kg) administration of the drug to rats. The first-pass effect of clindamycin was also evaluated after intraportal, intragastric, and intraduodenal administration of the drug at a dose of 150mg/kg to rats. After both intravenous and oral administration of clindamycin, the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug were dose-independent.

Gender differences in the pharmacokinetics of DA-6034, a derivative of flavonoids, in rats.

Gender differences in the pharmacokinetics of DA-6034 were evaluated after intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. After intravenous administration to male rats, although the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity of DA-6034 was not significantly different between male and female rats, the plasma concentrations of DA-6034 were lower from 30 min to 480 min, the mean residence time was significantly shorter (6.28 versus 12.

Pharmacokinetics of oltipraz in rat models of diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan or streptozotocin.

Pharmacokinetic parameters of oltipraz were compared after intravenous (10 mg/kg) and oral (30 mg/kg) administration in rat model of diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan (rat model of DMIA) or streptozotocin (rat model of DMIS) and their respective control male Sprague-Dawley rats. In rat models of DMIA and DMIS, the expressions and mRNA levels of CYP1A2, 2B1/2, and 3A1(23) increased, and oltipraz was metabolized mainly via CYP1A1/2, 2B1/2, 2C11, 2D1, and 3A1/2 in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Hence, it would be expected that the AUC and CL values of oltipraz would be significantly smaller and faster, respectively, in rat models of diabetes.

Effects of cysteine on the pharmacokinetics of oltipraz in rats with protein-calorie malnutrition.

Effects of cysteine on the pharmacokinetics of oltipraz were investigated after iv (10 mg/kg) and oral (30 mg/kg) administration to male control, protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM), and PCM with oral cysteine supplementation (PCMC) rats. It was reported that oltipraz was mainly metabolized via hepatic CYP1A1/2, 2B1/2, 2C11, 3A1/2, and 2D1 in male rats. The expression and mRNA levels of CYP1A2, 2C11, and 3A1/2 were also reported to decrease in male PCM rats compared with controls.

Pharmacokinetic changes of DA-7867, a new oxazolidinone, after intravenous and oral administration to rats with short-term and long-term diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin.

Effects of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin (DMIS) on the pharmacokinetics of DA-7867 were investigated after i.v. and oral administration (10mg/kg) to control Sprague-Dawley rats and DMIS rats (at 7th and 29th days after administration of streptozotocin, 45mg/kg).

Bis(ethylenediammonium) decaaquadisodium decavanadate, (C2H10N2)2[Na2(H2O)10][V10O28].

In the title compound, the decavanadate anion, [V(10)O(28)](6-), and the bridged [Na(2)(H(2)O)(10)](2+) dication lie across inversion centers. The charge balance is achieved by ethylenediammonium cations, H(3)NCH(2)CH(2)NH(3)(2+), which are disordered. The decavanadate anions are surrounded by the [Na(2)(H(2)O)(10)](2+) dications, thus forming layers, and the ethylenediammonium cations are located between these layers.