Air pollution is associated with persistent peanut allergy in the first 10 years.

Background: The role of air pollution in eczema and food allergy development remains understudied.

Objective: We aimed to assess whether exposure to air pollution is associated with eczema and food allergies in the first 10 years of life.

Methods: HealthNuts recruited a population-based sample of 1-year-old infants who were followed up at ages 4, 6, and 10 years.

BMI trajectories from infancy to 18 years and mental health in emerging adulthood.

Background: Studies exploring early life-course BMI trajectories and subsequent mental health outcomes are limited but may provide important insights for early intervention. We investigated associations between BMI trajectories from 0 to 18 years and mental health outcomes in emerging adulthood.

Methods: Data were obtained from 434 participants in the Melbourne Atopy Cohort Study (MACS).

Prevalence and Determinants of Food Allergy in the Era of Early Allergen Introduction: The EarlyNuts Population-Based Study.

Background: Infant feeding guidelines in Australia changed in 2016 to recommend introducing common allergy-causing foods by age 1 year to prevent food allergy. Although most Australian infants now eat peanut and egg by age 6 months, some still develop food allergy despite the early introduction of allergens.

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of food allergy in a cohort recruited after introducing the nationwide allergy prevention recommendations; identify characteristics of infants who developed allergy despite early introduction of allergens; and estimate the causal effect of modifiable exposures on food allergy prevalence and whether this differed between infants who were introduced to allergens before or after age 6 months.

Childhood infections, asthma and allergy trajectories, and chronic rhinosinusitis in middle age: A prospective cohort study across six decades.

Introduction: Evidence on the early life risk factors of adult CRS, and the history of asthma and allergies across the life course, is limited.

Aim: To investigate relationships between respiratory infective/allergic conditions in childhood, and asthma and allergies across the life course and CRS in middle age.

Methods: Data were from the population-based Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study (TAHS) cohort, first studied in 1968 when aged 6-7 years (n = 8583) and serially followed into middle age (n = 3609).

Treatable traits in pre-COPD: Time to extend the treatable traits paradigm beyond established disease.

To date, the treatable traits (TTs) approach has been applied in the context of managing diagnosed diseases. TTs are clinical characteristics and risk factors that can be identified clinically and/or biologically, and that merit treatment if present. There has been an exponential increase in the uptake of this approach by both researchers and clinicians.

Neonatal Vitamin D and Associations with Longitudinal Changes of Eczema up to 25 Years of Age.

Background: Early-life vitamin D is a potentially modifiable risk factor for the development of eczema, but there is a lack of data on longitudinal associations.

Method: We measured 25(OH)D3 levels from neonatal dried blood spots in 223 high-allergy-risk children. Latent class analysis was used to define longitudinal eczema phenotype up to 25 years (4 subclasses).

Longitudinal peanut and Ara h 2 specific-IgE, -IgG, and -IgG/-IgE ratios are associated with the natural resolution of peanut allergy in childhood.

Background: There are no studies of longitudinal immunoglobulin measurements in a population-based cohort alongside challenge-confirmed peanut allergy outcomes. Little is known about biomarkers for identifying naturally resolving peanut allergy during childhood.

Objectives: To measure longitudinal trends in whole peanut and component Ara h 2 sIgE and sIgG in the first 10 years of life, in a population cohort of children with challenge-confirmed peanut allergy, and to determine whether peanut-specific immunoglobulin levels or trends are associated with peanut allergy persistence or resolution by 10 years of age.

Chronic Bronchitis in Children and Adults: Definitions, Pathophysiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Consequences.

The complex nature of chronic bronchitis (CB) and changing definitions have contributed to challenges in understanding its aetiology and burden. In children, CB is characterised by persistent airway inflammation often linked to bacterial infections and is therefore termed "protracted bacterial bronchitis" (PBB). Longitudinal studies suggest that CB in childhood persists into adulthood in a subgroup.

The Prevalence of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy and Other Allergic Diseases in the First 10 Years: The Population-Based, Longitudinal HealthNuts Study.

Background: There are limited longitudinal data on the population prevalence of allergic conditions during childhood, and few studies have incorporated the reference standard oral food challenge to confirm food allergy.

Objective: To describe the population prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy, eczema, asthma, and rhinitis at ages 6 and 10 years in Melbourne, Australia.

Methods: The HealthNuts study recruited 5,276 1-year-old infants in Melbourne, Australia, with repeat assessments at ages 6 and 10 years.

Do early-life allergic sensitization and respiratory infection interact to increase asthma risk?

Objective: The 'two-hit' hypothesis theorizes that early life allergic sensitization and respiratory infection interact to increase asthma risk.

Methods: We sought to determine in a high allergy risk birth cohort whether interactions between early life allergic sensitization and respiratory infection were associated with increased risk for asthma at ages 6-7 years and 18 years. Allergic sensitization was assessed at 6, 12, and 24 months by skin prick testing to 3 food and 3 aeroallergens.

Improving the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paediatric Bronchiectasis Through Research and Translation.

Bronchiectasis, particularly in children, is an increasingly recognised yet neglected chronic lung disorder affecting individuals in both low-to-middle and high-income countries. It has a high disease burden and there is substantial inequity within and between settings. Furthermore, compared with other chronic lung diseases, considerably fewer resources are available for children with bronchiectasis.

Lung-function trajectories: relevance and implementation in clinical practice.

Lung development starts in utero and continues during childhood through to adolescence, reaching its peak in early adulthood. This growth is followed by gradual decline due to physiological lung ageing. Lung-function development can be altered by several host and environmental factors during the life course.

Epigenome-Wide Association Studies of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Function: A Systematic Review.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) results from gene-environment interactions over the lifetime. These interactions are captured by epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation. To systematically review the evidence form epigenome-wide association studies related to COPD and lung function.

Effects of testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin on lung function in males and females: a multivariable Mendelian Randomisation study.

Background: Observational studies suggest that total testosterone (TT) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) may have beneficial effects on lung function, but these findings might be spurious due to confounding and reverse causation. We addressed these limitations by using multivariable Mendelian randomisation (MVMR) to investigate the independent causal effects of TT and SHBG on lung function.

Methods: We first identified genetic instruments by performing genome-wide association analyses of TT and SHBG in the large UK Biobank, separately in males and females.

Comprehensive analysis of environmental exposure to hazardous trace elements and lung function: a national cross-sectional study.

Background: There is growing interest in the joint effects of hazardous trace elements (HTEs) on lung function deficits, but the data are limited. This is a critical research gap given increased global industrialisation.

Methods: A national cross-sectional study including spirometry was performed among 2112 adults across 11 provinces in China between 2020 and 2021.

Lung function changes in children exposed to mine fire smoke in infancy.

Background And Objective: Chronic, low-intensity air pollution exposure has been consistently associated with reduced lung function throughout childhood. However, there is limited research regarding the implications of acute, high-intensity air pollution exposure. We aimed to determine whether there were any associations between early life exposure to such an episode and lung growth trajectories.

Exposure to air pollution concentrations of various intensities in early life and allergic sensitisation later in childhood.

Background: Evidence on the relationship between air pollution and allergic sensitisation in childhood is inconsistent, and this relationship has not been investigated in the context of smoke events that are predicted to increase with climate change. Thus, we aimed to evaluate associations between exposure in two early life periods to severe levels of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM) from a mine fire, background PM, and allergic sensitisation later in childhood.