Distribution, frequency and molecular basis of penoxsulam, metamifop and florpyrauxifen-benzyl resistance in Echinocloa spp. from rice fields across Jiangsu Province, China.

Barnyard grasses (Echinochloa spp.) are the most troublesome weeds in rice ecosystems of Jiangsu Province, China, and long-term use of herbicides inevitably cause the development of resistance. In this study, 122 field-sampled populations were tested for resistance to penoxsulam (PEN), metamifop (MET), florpyrauxifen-benzyl, (FPB), propanil, and tripyrasulfone.

Cytochrome P450 CYP81A104 in Eleusine indica confers resistance to multiherbicide with different modes of action.

Background: Developing herbicide-resistant (HR) crop cultivars is an efficient way to control weeds and minimize crop yield losses. However, widespread and long-term herbicide application has led to the evolution of resistant weeds. Here, we established a resistant (R) E.

An Asp376Glu substitution and P450s-involved metabolism endow resistance to ALS inhibitors in an Ammannia auriculata Willd. Population.

Ammannia auriculata Willd. is a noxious broadleaf weed, commonly infesting rice ecosystems across southern China. A putative resistant A.

Current status of cyhalofop-butyl and metamifop resistance and diversity of the ACCase gene mutations in Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis) from China.

Leptochloa chinensis populations in China have evolved widespread resistance to acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides cyhalofop-butyl (CyB) and metamifop (Met). 124 L. chinensis populations, randomly collected from rice fields in Jiangsu Province, were surveyed for CyB and Met resistance status, and all potential ACCase gene resistance-conferring mutations and effective pre-emergence herbicides for its control were investigated.

ACCase gene mutations and P450-mediated metabolism contribute to cyhalofop-butyl resistance in Eleusine indica biotypes from direct-seeding paddy fields.

Eleusine indica causes problems in direct-seeding rice fields across Jiangsu Province in China. Long-term application of chemical herbicides has led to the widespread evolution of resistance in E. indica.

Multiple Resistance Mechanisms Involved in Glyphosate Resistance in .

Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide and is widely used for weed control in non-cultivated land in China. One susceptible (S) and five putative glyphosate-resistant (R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5) biotypes were selected to investigate their resistance levels and the potential resistance mechanisms. Based on the dose-response assays, the R3 and R5 biotypes showed a low-level (2.

Occurrence of Bensulfuron-Methyl Resistance and Target-Site Resistance Mechanisms in Biotypes from Paddy Fields.

is a troublesome broadleaf weed, widely distributed in the paddy fields of southern China. In this study, 10 biotypes of were sampled from Yangzhou City, China, where the paddy fields were seriously infested with , and their resistance levels to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor bensulfuron-methyl were determined. The whole-plant response assays showed that nine biotypes were highly resistant (from 16.

Facile pathway to construct mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with pyraclostrobin: Physicochemical properties, antifungal activity, and biosafety.

Background: A controlled-release formulation based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) provides an effective way for reducing pesticide use and protecting the ecological environment. In this study, MSNs loaded with pyraclostrobin (PYR@MSNs) were prepared using a one-pot method.

Results: The characteristics of PYR@MSNs were systematically investigated, including morphology, loading content, ultraviolet (UV) resistance, release behavior, control effects against pathogens, and safety to nontarget organisms.

Preparation of thermosensitive buprofezin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles by the sol-gel method and their application in pest control.

Background: Environmental stimuli-responsive release is one important way to reduce the dosage of pesticide, increase the usage efficiency and improve environmental compatibility.

Results: On this basis, we synthesized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and modified them to develop a thermosensitive pesticide controlled release formulation (CRF). In this study, MSNs prepared by the sol-gel method were used as the core, poly (N-IsoPropylAcrylaMide) [P (NIPAM-MAA)] was used as the shell, and buprofezin (Bup) was loaded by adsorption.

Screening of anti-idiotypic domain antibody from phage library for development of Bt Cry1A simulants.

Anti-idiotypic antibody technique is a new approach for the rapid development of insecticidal protein. In this study, anti-Cry1A polyclonal antibodies were used as antigen to screen the anti-idiotypic antibody that can simulate Cry1A toxins from a phage display human domain antibody (DAB) library. After four rounds of panning, five positive clones that have binding activities with anti-Cry1A polyclonal antibodies were obtained.

Enhanced metabolism confers a high level of cyhalofop-butyl resistance in a Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees) population.

Background: Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees) is one of main grass weeds invading Chinese rice fields. The target-site resistance (TSR) of cyhalofop-butyl have been widely reported in L.

Fabrication of abamectin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles by emulsion-solvent evaporation to improve photolysis stability and extend insecticidal activity.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) can be designed to effectively load, protect, and control the release of pesticides. In this study, emulsion-solvent evaporation was used to fabricate abamectin-loaded MSNs. Our method could deliver abamectin in the process of MSN self-assembly, resulting in simple operation, short preparation period, and outstanding drug carrying capacity.

Cyhalofop-butyl and Glyphosate Multiple-Herbicide Resistance Evolved in an Population Collected in Chinese Direct-Seeding Rice.

is a typical xerophytic weed species with a cosmopolitan distribution. It is invasive and highly adaptable to diverse habitats and crops. Due to rice cropping-pattern changes, has become one of the main dominant grass weeds infecting direct-seeding paddy fields.

Molecular basis of resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicide cyhalofop-butyl in Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees) from China.

Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees) is one of the most troublesome grass weeds in rice in China. Seven suspected cyhalofop-butyl-resistant L.

Directional couplers operated by resonant coupling in all-solid photonic bandgap fibers.

We have proposed directional couplers operated by resonant coupling in all-solid photonic bandgap fibers structure which consist of a cladding with an array of high-index rods in silica background, two cores formed by omitting two rods, and some defect rods introduced by reducing the diameter of the high-index rods between the cores. The resonant effect induced by the avoided crossing between core-guided supermodes and defect-guided modes significant decreases the coupling length. The directional couplers proposed in this paper are almost polarization independent and have potential application in realizing integrating all-fiber communication devices.

Switchable multiwavelength ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber laser based on a multimode fiber grating.

A simple switchable multiwavelength double-clad fiber laser using a multimode fiber Bragg grating (MMFG) as a wavelength selective component is demonstrated. The MMFG is fabricated directly in the active double-clad fiber, resulting in low splicing loss and compact configuration. By properly adjusting the polarization controller in the cavity, the double-clad fiber laser can stably operate at different multiwavelength states at room temperature.

Highly birefringent elliptical-hole photonic crystal fiber with squeezed hexagonal lattice.

We propose a novel polarization-maintaining index-guiding photonic crystal fiber (PCF). It is composed of a solid silica core and a cladding with squeezed-hexagonal-lattice elliptical air holes. Using a full-vector finite-element method, we study the modal birefringence of the fundamental modes in such PCFs.

Fiber grating sensing interrogation based on an InGaAs photodiode linear array.

We present a new method of the fiber grating sensing interrogation technique by utilizing an indium gallium arsenide photodiode linear array and blazed fiber Bragg gratings. An interrogation system based on an InGaAs photodiode linear array is designed, and the system performance is analyzed. The interrogation system shows a good prospect for smart sensing.

Stable room-temperature multi-wavelength lasing realization in ordinary erbium-doped fiber loop lasers.

A suppressant effect for mode competition of multi-wavelength lasing oscillations induced by deeply saturated effect in an ordinary erbium-doped fiber ring laser (EDFRL) was observed and experimentally investigated. Results show that the effect is helpful to obtain stable multi-wavelength lasing at room temperature in the EDFRL, which offers a new and simple approach to achieve stable multi-wavelength EDF lasing. Stable two- and three- wavelength lasing oscillations were achieved based on the effect in the ordinary EDFRL for the first time to our best knowledge.

Tunable highly birefringent photonic bandgap fibers.

A novel tunable highly birefringent photonic bandgap fiber (PBGF) is designed theoretically by filling its air holes with high-index material. The transmission band can be continuously tuned by changing the refractive index of the filling material. Accordingly, the tunable modal birefringence and polarization mode dispersion of the PBGFs are investigated by adjusting the refractive index of the filling material.

Coupling and decoupling of dual-core photonic bandgap fibers.

Coupling characteristics of dual-core photonic bandgap fibers with triangular photonic crystal cladding are investigated by use of a vector plane-wave expansion method and a vector finite-element method. We demonstrate the eigenmodes and the coupling length for two orthogonal polarizations. A decoupling phenomenon is found at a certain wavelength in this fiber configuration.

Transformation of a transmission mechanism by filling the holes of normal silica-guiding microstructure fibers with nematic liquid crystal.

Transformation of an optical transmission mechanism was achieved when the holes of normal silica-guiding microstructure fiber (MF) were filled with nematic liquid crystal (NLC). Moreover, two photonic bandgaps (PBGs) were obtained by using a plane-wave method to create the pattern. The wavelength dependence of the effective mode area, leakage loss, and group velocity dispersion (GVD) has been theoretically investigated by using a full-vector finite-element method with anisotropic perfectly matched layers.

High-birefringence fiber loop mirrors and their applications as sensors.

The reflection and transmission characteristics of a high-birefringence fiber loop mirror (HiBi-FLM), which is composed of a standard fiber coupler and one-section or multisection high-birefringence fibers (HBFs), are analyzed and discussed in detail. Theoretical reflectivity and transmissivity expressions for HiBi-FLMs with one-, two-, and three-section HBFs were obtained. The procedure for calculating reflectivity and transmissivity for HiBi-FLMs with n-section HBFs is given.

Quadruple-wavelength actively mode-locked fiber laser with polarization-controlled wavelength switching.

An actively mode-locked fiber laser with two overlapping cavities is proposed and successfully demonstrated to generate switchable quadruple-wavelength picosecond pulses. The wavelengths are specified by two Bragg gratings in polarization-maintaining and absorption-reducing fiber. By simple adjustment of two polarization controllers, the proposed laser can be made to operate at quadruple wavelength or to switch between wavelengths at room temperature.

L-Band switchable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser based on a multimode fiber Bragg grating.

In this letter, a simple, switchable dual-wavelength erbiumdoped fiber laser operating in L-band is successfully proposed and demonstrated. The two wavelengths are specified by a Bragg grating formed in multimode fiber and the wavelength separation is 1.7 nm.