Clinostat Rotation Affects Metabolite Transportation and Increases Organic Acid Production by , as Revealed by Differential Metabolomic Analysis.

Contamination by fungi may pose a threat to the long-term operation of the International Space Station because fungi produce organic acids that corrode equipment and mycotoxins that harm human health. Microgravity is an unavoidable and special condition in the space station. However, the influence of microgravity on fungal metabolism has not been well studied.

Conversion of DON to 3-epi-DON in vitro and toxicity reduction of DON in vivo by Lactobacillus rhamnosus.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that contaminates grains and feed. Degradation and toxicity reduction of DON by probiotics benefit human and animal health. Lactobacillus rhamnosus is an FDA-approved probiotic that can be used in children.

Capability of iturin from Bacillus subtilis to inhibit Candida albicans in vitro and in vivo.

Candida albicans is a fungal pathogen that is difficult to cure clinically. The current clinic C. albicans-inhibiting drugs are very harmful to humans.

Effect of cell culture models on the evaluation of anticancer activity and mechanism analysis of the potential bioactive compound, iturin A, produced by Bacillus subtilis.

Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture is widely used to evaluate the potential of food compounds in anticancer activity in vitro. However, 3D culture is rarely used. In this study, we compared the obtained anticancer activity and mechanisms of iturin A, a multiple functional compound produced by Bacillus subtilis, in 2D and 3D cultures of HepG2 cells.

Potential of iturins as functional agents: safe, probiotic, and cytotoxic to cancer cells.

The iturin produced by Bacillus subtilis was previously found to exhibit significant antifungal activities, showing potential for application to food to protect it from spoilage and decay. However, its safe level must be evaluated before it can be used in foods consumed by mammals. Therefore, we carried out acute toxicity (7 days) and subacute toxicity (28 days) evaluations by intragastric administration of the iturin at 5000 mg per kg (bw) and 2000 mg per kg (bw) to Kunming mice.

Iturin A-like lipopeptides from Bacillus subtilis trigger apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy in Caco-2 cells.

This study revealed that iturin A-like lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtillis induced both paraptosis and apoptosis in heterogeneous human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells. Autophagy was simultaneously induced in Caco-2 cells treated with iturin A-like lipopeptides at the early stage and inhibited at the later stage. A western blot analysis showed that the lipopeptides induced apoptosis in Caco-2 cells via a mitochondrial-dependent pathway, as indicated by upregulated expression of the apoptotic genes bax and bad and downregulated expression of the antiapoptotic gene bcl-2.

Potential of Bacillus subtilis lipopeptides in anti-cancer I: induction of apoptosis and paraptosis and inhibition of autophagy in K562 cells.

The lipopeptide iturin from Bacillus subtilis has been found to have a potential inhibitory effect on breast cancer, alveolar adenocarcinoma, renal carcinoma, and colon adenocarcinoma. In this study, the potential of B. subtilis lipopeptides (a mixture of iturin homologues, concentration of 42.

Fungal Spores Promote the Glycerol Production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Upregulating the Oxidative Balance Pathway.

Fungal contamination is prevalent in grape berries and unavoidable during the winemaking process. In botrytized wine, Botrytis cinerea contamination of grape berries beneficially promotes the wine flavor, which is desirable especially with high glycerol content. To investigate the underlying mechanism, Aspergillus carbonarius and B.