Sex Differences in the Incidence of Sudden Cardiac Arrest/Death in Competitive Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Although many studies have demonstrated a lower incidence of sudden cardiac arrest or death (SCA/D) in female athletes than in male, there is limited understanding of the specific underlying causes.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to assess the disparities in SCA/D incidence between male and female competitive athletes and explore the associated etiologies.

Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted for retrospective and prospective studies examining SCA/D incidence in male and female athletes.

Assessing pre-season workload variation in professional rugby union players by comparing three acute:Chronic workload ratio models based on playing positions.

Quantifying the pre-season workload of professional Rugby Union players, in relation to their respective positions not only provides crucial insights into their physical demands and training needs but also underscores the significance of the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) in assessing workload. However, given the diversity in ACWR calculation methods, their applicability requires further exploration. As a result, this study aims to analyze the workload depending on the player's positions and to compare three ACWR calculation methods.

BMAL1/PGC1α4-FNDC5/irisin axis impacts distinct outcomes of time-of-day resistance exercise.

Background: Resistance exercise leads to improved muscle function and metabolic homeostasis. Yet how circadian rhythm impacts exercise outcomes and its molecular transduction remains elusive.

Methods: Human volunteers were subjected to 4 weeks of resistance training protocols at different times of day to assess training outcomes and their associations with myokine irisin.

Mitochondria-Associated Membranes as Key Regulators in Cellular Homeostasis and the Potential Impact of Exercise on Insulin Resistance.

The communication between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is facilitated by a dynamic membrane structure formed by protein complexes known as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). The structural and functional integrity of MAMs is crucial for insulin signal transduction, relying heavily on their regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis, lipid homeostasis, mitochondrial quality control, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). This article reviews recent research findings, suggesting that exercise may promote the remodeling of MAMs structure and function by modulating the expression of molecules associated with their structure and function.

Research Progress on Lipophagy-Mediated Exercise Intervention in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Lipophagy is a cellular pathway targeting the lysosomal degradation of lipid droplets, playing a role in promoting lipid turnover and renewal. Abnormal lipophagy processes can lead to the occurrence and development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by the deposition of lipid droplets (LDs) in the liver. The importance of exercise training in preventing and improving NAFLD has been well-established, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear.

Optimization of training for professional rugby union players: investigating the impact of different small-sided games models on GPS-derived performance metrics.

Professional rugby union players can improve their performance by engaging in small-sided games (SSGs), which simulate the movement patterns of the game. This study collected metrics related to running performance and mechanical workload and their relative values from both forward and back positions, aiming to explore the impact of different SSGs factors on athlete workload, as well as the workload difference between official games (OGs) and SSGs. The monitored GPS data were collected from SSGs with different player numbers and pitch sizes (five sessions), SSG rules (5 weeks, four sessions per week), and OGs conducted throughout the year.

PC 18:1/18:1 mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise and remodels tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Aim: Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is essential for membrane structural integrity and lipid-dependent signaling pathways, and is an essential component required for cancer cell growth. Using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a tumor model, this study aims to further screen phospholipid biomarkers of the tumor microenvironment and explore the anti-tumor effects and mechanisms of aerobic exercise.

Main Methods: The HCC of C57BL/6J mice was induced by the injection of the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN).

High-Intensity Interval Training Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders via the Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase-Stimulator of Interferon Gene Signaling Pathway.

Metabolic diseases are growing in prevalence worldwide. Although the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases remains ambiguous, the correlation between cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon gene (STING) and metabolic diseases has been identified recently. Exercise is an effective intervention protecting against metabolic diseases, however, the role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in this process is unclear, and the effect and mechanism of different exercise intensities on metabolic disorders are still unknown.

AAV-Mediated nuclear localized PGC1α4 delivery in muscle ameliorates sarcopenia and aging-associated metabolic dysfunctions.

Sarcopenia is characterized of muscle mass loss and functional decline in elder individuals which severely affects human physical activity, metabolic homeostasis, and life quality. Physical exercise is considered effective in combating muscle atrophy and sarcopenia, yet it is not feasible to elders with limited mobility. PGC-1α4, a short isoform of PGC-1α, is strongly induced in muscle under resistance training, and promotes muscle hypertrophy.

FUNDC1: An Emerging Mitochondrial and MAMs Protein for Mitochondrial Quality Control in Heart Diseases.

Heart diseases (HDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with mitochondrial dysfunction being a significant factor in their development. The recently discovered mitophagy receptor, FUNDC1, plays a critical role in regulating the homeostasis of the Mitochondrial Quality Control (MQC) system and contributing to HDs. The phosphorylation of specific regions of FUNDC1 and varying levels of its expression have been shown to have diverse effects on cardiac injury.

Irisin ameliorates age-associated sarcopenia and metabolic dysfunction.

Background: Age-associated sarcopenia is characterized of progressed loss of skeletal muscle power, mass, and function, which affects human physical activity and life quality. Besides, accompanied with sarcopenia, aged population also faces a series of metabolic dysfunctions. Irisin, the cleaved form of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), is a myokine induced by exercise and has been shown to exert multiple beneficial effects on health.

Exercise-Induced Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis and Browning: How to Explain the Conflicting Findings?

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been widely studied in targeting against metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance due to its role in nutrient metabolism and energy regulation. Whether exercise promotes adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning remains controversial. The results from human and rodent studies contradict each other.

Regulation of cGAS/STING signaling and corresponding immune escape strategies of viruses.

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading external pathogens, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the key receptors that mediate the innate immune response. Nowadays, there are various PRRs in cells that can activate the innate immune response by recognizing pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs). The DNA sensor cGAS, which belongs to the PRRs, plays a crucial role in innate immunity.

Exercise modulates polarization of TAMs and expression of related immune checkpoints in mice with lung cancer.

Many studies have found that both endurance exercise (EX) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) have a positive therapeutic effect on the treatment of lung cancer patients, but the specific mechanism is unclear. Therefore, we investigated whether EX and HIIT could delay the progression of lung cancer by affecting the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and restoring the tumor phagocytic activity of TAMs in lung cancer tissue. BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups.

Chrono-Aerobic Exercise Optimizes Metabolic State in DB/DB Mice through CLOCK-Mitophagy-Apoptosis.

Although the benefits of aerobic exercise on obesity and type 2 diabetes are well-documented, the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and the intervention mechanism of exercise remain ambiguous. The correlation between mitochondrial quality and metabolic diseases has been identified. Disruption of the central or peripheral molecular clock can also induce chronic metabolic diseases.

Codon-optimized FAM132b gene therapy prevents dietary obesity by blockading adrenergic response and insulin action.

Background: FAM132b (myonectin) has been identified as a muscle-derived myokine with exercise and has hormone activity in circulation to regulate iron homeostasis and lipid metabolism via unknown receptors. Here, we aim to explore the potential of adeno-associated virus to deliver FAM132b in vivo to develop a gene therapy against obesity.

Methods: Adeno-associated virus AAV9 were engineered to induce overexpression of FAM132b with two mutations, A136T and P159A.

Compared with High-intensity Interval Exercise, Moderate Intensity Constant Load Exercise is more effective in curbing the Growth and Metastasis of Lung Cancer.

The morbidity and mortality of lung cancer are among the forefront of various cancers, and it is one of the major cancers that seriously threaten human life and health. It is well known that the abundant angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in tumor tissues play an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. In addition, The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which facilitates the tumor cell metastasis and invasion, is triggered by many stimuli, such as matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP2), MMP9, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1).

A novel mechanism for NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

The NLRP3 inflammasome, as an important component of the innate immune system, plays vital roles in various metabolic disorders. It has been reported that the NLRP3 inflammasome can be activated by a broad range of distinct stimuli, such as K efflux, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal disruption and trans-Golgi disassembly, etc. However, there has been no well-established model for NLRP3 inflammasome activation so far, especially the underlying mechanisms for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation remain elusive.

A single bout of exhaustive treadmill exercise increased AMPK activation associated with enhanced autophagy in mice skeletal muscle.

Previous studies reported inconsistent findings on autophagy activation in skeletal muscles after acute exercise. In this study, we investigated the effect of a single bout of exhaustive treadmill exercise on AMPK and autophagy activations in mice gastrocnemius muscle in vivo. Male ICR/CD-1 mice were randomly divided into the control and exercise groups.

NLRP3 Inflammasome in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Exercise Intervention.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), as a common complication of diabetes, is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a key sensor mediating innate immune and inflammatory responses. However, the mechanisms initiating and promoting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in DCM is largely unexplored.

Research Progress of Mitochondrial Mechanism in NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Exercise Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome.

NLRP3 is an important pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune system, and its activation induces a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18 which are involved in the development of various diseases. In recent years, it has been suggested that mitochondria are the platform for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Additionally, exercise is considered as an important intervention strategy to mediate the innate immune responses.

Transcription factor EB enhances autophagy and ameliorates palmitate-induced insulin resistance at least partly via upregulating AMPK activity in skeletal muscle cells.

This study aimed to elucidate the role of transcription factor EB (TFEB) in protecting C2C12 myotubes against palmitate (PA)-induced insulin resistance (IR) and explored its mechanism associated with autophagy. PA treatment significantly decreased insulin sensitivity in myotubes and downregulated TFEB protein expression. TFEB overexpression significantly reversed the PA-suppressed glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein expression and improved intracellular glucose uptake and consumption, and also alleviated the decrease of autophagy markers induced by PA.

Moderate endurance training reduced hepatic tumourigenesis associated with lower lactate overload compared to high-intensity interval training.

Unlabelled: The anti-tumour effects of exercise are still poorly understood. In recent years, high-intensity interval exercise has been recognised as one of the best choices for better health. However, high-intensity interval exercise induces lactate production in muscles and elevates blood lactic acid levels, and the resulting acidic microenvironment may promote tumour progression.

ER-Mitochondria Contacts and Insulin Resistance Modulation through Exercise Intervention.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) makes physical contacts with mitochondria at specific sites, and the hubs between the two organelles are called mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs). MAMs are known to play key roles in biological processes, such as intracellular Ca regulation, lipid trafficking, and metabolism, as well as cell death, etc. Studies demonstrated that dysregulation of MAMs significantly contributed to insulin resistance.