[Human eRF1 Translation Regulation].

Eukaryotic translation release factor eRF1 is an important cellular protein that plays a key role in translation termination, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), and readthrough of stop codons. The amount of eRF1 in the cell influences all these processes. The mechanism of regulation of eRF1 translation through an autoregulatory NMD-dependent expression circuit has been described for plants and fungi, but the mechanisms of regulation of human eRF1 translation have not yet been studied.

Functional Activity of Isoform 2 of Human eRF1.

Eukaryotic release factor eRF1, encoded by the gene, recognizes stop codons and induces peptide release during translation termination. produces several different transcripts as a result of alternative splicing, from which two eRF1 isoforms can be formed. Isoform 1 codes well-studied canonical eRF1, and isoform 2 is 33 amino acid residues shorter than isoform 1 and completely unstudied.

The impact of mRNA poly(A) tail length on eukaryotic translation stages.

The poly(A) tail plays an important role in maintaining mRNA stability and influences translation efficiency via binding with PABP. However, the impact of poly(A) tail length on mRNA translation remains incompletely understood. This study explores the effects of poly(A) tail length on human translation.

mRNA context and translation factors determine decoding in alternative nuclear genetic codes.

The genetic code is a set of instructions that determine how the information in our genetic material is translated into amino acids. In general, it is universal for all organisms, from viruses and bacteria to humans. However, in the last few decades, exceptions to this rule have been identified both in pro- and eukaryotes.

Functionalization of MWCNTs for Bioelectrocatalysis by Bacterial Two-Domain Laccase from .

This study was carried out in order to assess several modifications of carbon nanotube-based nanomaterials for their applications in laccase electrodes and model biofuel cells. The modified MWCNTs served as adapters for the immobilization of laccase from VKM Ac-875 on the surface of electrodes made of graphite rods and graphite paste. The electrochemical properties of the electrodes were tested in linear and cyclic voltammetrical measurements for the determination of the redox potential of the enzyme and achievable current densities.

Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (2,2')-2,2'-(3-meth-oxy-3-phenylpropane-1,2-diyl-idene)bis-(hydrazine-1-carbo-thioamide) di-methyl-formamide monosolvate.

The overall mol-ecular configuration of the title compound, CHNOS·CHNO, is stabilized in the solid state by intra-molecular C-H⋯N, C-H⋯O, N-H⋯N and N-H⋯O inter-actions, forming (5) ring motifs. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked to each other and solvent di-methyl-formamide mol-ecules by N-H⋯S, N-H⋯O, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming a three dimensional network. The phenyl ring of the title compound is disordered over two sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-(4-chloro-phen-yl)-4-(di-meth-oxy-meth-yl)-5-phenyl-1,3-thia-zole.

In the title compound, CHClNOS, the thia-zole ring subtends dihedral angles of 13.12 (14) and 43.79 (14) ° with the attached chloro-phenyl and phenyl rings, respectively.

Facile Synthesis of Micro-Mesoporous Copper Phyllosilicate Supported on a Commercial Carrier and Its Application for Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitro-Group in Trinitrobenzene.

Development of novel Cu-based catalysts has become one of the frontiers in the catalytic production of platform chemicals and in environment protection. However, the known methods of their synthesis are too complicated and result in materials that cannot be used instantly as commercial catalysts. In the present work, a novel material has been synthesized by the facile method of deposition-precipitation using thermal hydrolysis of urea.

Microwave Synthesis of Copper Phyllosilicates as Effective Catalysts for Hydrogenation of C≡C Bonds.

For the first time, the new microwave-assisted method for the synthesis of copper phyllosilicates on a commercial SiO carrier was developed. The application of microwave synthesis allowed to decrease the synthesis time from 9 to 6 h compared to the traditional DPU method of preparing chrysocolla. The synthesized catalysts were studied by N adsorption, TEM and XRD methods.

Nsp1 of SARS-CoV-2 stimulates host translation termination.

Nsp1 of SARS-CoV-2 regulates the translation of host and viral mRNAs in cells. Nsp1 inhibits host translation initiation by occluding the entry channel of the 40S ribosome subunit. The structural study of the Nsp1-ribosomal complexes reported post-termination 80S complex containing Nsp1, eRF1 and ABCE1.

Discovery of a novel role of tumor suppressor PDCD4 in stimulation of translation termination.

Programmed cell death 4 protein (PDCD4) regulates many vital cell processes, although is classified as a tumor suppressor because it inhibits neoplastic transformation and tumor growth. For example, PCDC4 has been implicated in the regulation of transcription and mRNA translation. PDCD4 is known to inhibit translation initiation by binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4A and elongation of oncogenic c- and A-myb mRNAs.

eIF3j facilitates loading of release factors into the ribosome.

eIF3j is one of the eukaryotic translation factors originally reported as the labile subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF3. The yeast homolog of this protein, Hcr1, has been implicated in stringent AUG recognition as well as in controlling translation termination and stop codon readthrough. Using a reconstituted mammalian in vitro translation system, we showed that the human protein eIF3j is also important for translation termination.

Method for Rapid Analysis of Mutant RNA Polymerase Activity on Templates Containing Unnatural Nucleotides.

Pairs of unnatural nucleotides are used to expand the genetic code and create artificial DNA or RNA templates. In general, an approach is used to engineer orthogonal systems capable of reading codons comprising artificial nucleotides; however, DNA and RNA polymerases capable of recognizing unnatural nucleotides are required for amplification and transcription of templates. Under favorable conditions, in the presence of modified nucleotide triphosphates, DNA polymerases are able to synthesize unnatural DNA with high efficiency; however, the currently available RNA polymerases reveal high specificity to the natural nucleotides and may not easily recognize the unnatural nucleotides.

[Expanding the Genetic Code: Unnatural Base Pairs in Biological Systems].

The genetic code is considered to use five nucleic bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil), which form two pairs for encoding information in DNA and two pairs for encoding information in RNA. Nevertheless, in recent years several artificial base pairs have been developed in attempts to expand the genetic code. Employment of these additional base pairs increases the information capacity and variety of DNA sequences, and provides a platform for the site-specific, enzymatic incorporation of extra functional components into DNA and RNA.

Fluorescent toeprinting to study the dynamics of ribosomal complexes.

Classical toeprinting is generally used to determine the position of ribosomes on mRNA; however, it has several disadvantages. We describe a fluorescent toeprinting assay that enables easier identification of ribosomal complexes bound to mRNA in vitro. The procedure involves the use of stable and safe fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides for reverse transcription reactions as primers, followed by the analysis of cDNA products using an automatic sequencer.

Polyadenylate-binding protein-interacting proteins PAIP1 and PAIP2 affect translation termination.

Polyadenylate-binding protein (PABP) stimulates translation termination via interaction of its C-terminal domain with eukaryotic polypeptide chain release factor, eRF3. Additionally, two other proteins, poly(A)-binding protein-interacting proteins 1 and 2 (PAIP1 and PAIP2), bind the same domain of PABP and regulate its translation-related activity. To study the biochemistry of eRF3 and PAIP1/2 competition for PABP binding, we quantified the effects of PAIPs on translation termination in the presence or absence of PABP.

Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2) catalyzes reverse translocation of the eukaryotic ribosome.

During protein synthesis, a ribosome moves along the mRNA template and, using aminoacyl-tRNAs, decodes the template nucleotide triplets to assemble a protein amino acid sequence. This movement is accompanied by shifting of mRNA-tRNA complexes within the ribosome in a process called translocation. In living cells, this process proceeds in a unidirectional manner, bringing the ribosome to the 3' end of mRNA, and is catalyzed by the GTPase translation elongation factor 2 (EF-G in prokaryotes and eEF2 in eukaryotes).

RNA helicase DDX19 stabilizes ribosomal elongation and termination complexes.

The human DEAD-box RNA-helicase DDX19 functions in mRNA export through the nuclear pore complex. The yeast homolog of this protein, Dbp5, has been reported to participate in translation termination. Using a reconstituted mammalian in vitro translation system, we show that the human protein DDX19 is also important for translation termination.

Stress-Induced Stroke and Stomach Cancer: Sex Differences in Oxygen Saturation.

Sex differences in stress-related diseases such as stroke and stomach cancer are well established, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unknown. Despite the fact that sexual hormones play an important role in the high resistance of females to harmful effects of stress compared with males, the regulation of oxygenation status can be a potential factor, which might explain sex differences in stress-induced cerebrovascular catastrophes in newborn rats and in mutagens activation in adult rats with stomach cancer.

Pd-Fe nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan derivatives for perchloroethene dechlorination.

A series of chitosan-stabilized Pd-NZVI (nano-zero-valent-iron) catalysts for dechlorination with variation in their composition and in the nature of the polymer has been prepared. The synthesis procedures and palladium and chitosan contents were optimized. It was demonstrated by the XPS method that Fe and Pd in Fe-Pd/chitosan samples exist in the metallic state.

Identification of HI-like loop in CELO adenovirus fiber for incorporation of receptor binding motifs.

Vectors based on the chicken embryo lethal orphan (CELO) avian adenovirus (Ad) have two attractive properties for gene transfer applications: resistance to preformed immune responses to human Ads and the ability to grow in chicken embryos, allowing low-cost production of recombinant viruses. However, a major limitation of this technology is that CELO vectors demonstrate decreased efficiency of gene transfer into cells expressing low levels of the coxsackie-Ad receptor (CAR). In order to improve the efficacy of gene transfer into CAR-deficient cells, we modified viral tropism via genetic alteration of the CELO fiber 1 protein.

[Spiral computed tomography with functional tests in diagnosis of chronic obstructive diseases of the lungs].

The potential of spiral computed tomography (SCT) and high resolution computed tomography (HRST) in diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) is described. Semiotic sings of bronchial asthma (BA) and chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB) are specified. Informative value of SCT in differential diagnosis of BA and COB including early stage of the diseases is analysed.

[Computed tomographic densitometry in the diagnosis of chronic obstructive lung diseases].

The capacities of spiral computed tomography (CT) synchronized with a patient's respiration in the diagnosis of chronic obstructive lung diseases (COLD) were studied. Normal lung parenchymal density was clarified in different parts. The densitometric changes typical of bronchial asthma (BA) and COLD were studied in relation to the severity of an obstructive process.

A new method for evaluation of safety of antiarrhythmic drugs.

A new method for preclinical evaluation of safety of antiarrhythmic drugs is proposed. During chronic stress, class I antiarrhythmic preparations increased mortality of test animals. By contrast, class II-IV antiarrhythmic agents and antioxidants produced no significant effect on mortality of experimental mice.

[Clinical and epidemiological aspects of infectious diseases (findings from Saint Petersburg)].

The paper analyzes official statistics on infectious diseases, data on the course and outcomes of infections which have been most common in the region in the past 20 years. It shows that the epidemiological situation has deteriorated, the incidence of severe and complicated forms and mortality due to infectious diseases have increased. Great emphasis is laid on the epidemics of dysenteria and diphtheria in the past years.