Boldenone and Testosterone Production from Phytosterol via One-Pot Cascade Biotransformations.

Testosterone (TS) and its 1(2)-dehydrogenated derivative boldenone (BD) are widely used in medicine, veterinary science and as precursors in organic synthesis of many therapeutic steroids. Green production of these compounds is possible from androstenedione (AD) enzymatically, or from phytosterol (PS) using fermentation stages. In this study, the ascomycete sp.

Identification of a Gene Encoding a New Fungal Steroid 7-Hydroxylase and Its Functional Characterization in Yeast.

The hydroxylation of steroids in the C7β position is one of the rare reactions that allow the production of value-added precursors in the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid and other pharmaceuticals. Recently, we discovered this activity in the ascomycete sp. VKM F-3040.

Reconstruction of the Steroid 1(2)-Dehydrogenation System from VKM Ac-2033D in Hosts.

Microbial 1(2)-dehydrogenation of 3-ketosteroids is an important basis for the production of many steroid pharmaceuticals and synthons. When using the wild-type strains for whole cell catalysis, the undesirable reduction of the 20-carbonyl group, or 1(2)-hydrogenation, was observed. In this work, the recombinant strains of and were constructed with blocked endogenous activity of 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase, 3-ketosteroid-1(2)-dehydrogenase (3-KSD), and expressing 3-KSD encoded by the gene () from VKM Ac-2033D.

Obtaining of 24-Norchol-4-ene-3,22-dione from Phytosterol with Mutants of Mycolicibacterium neoaurum.

Engineered mutants of Mycolicibacterium spp. are known producers of valuable steroid synthons with C or C skeleton. Here we describe a method for site-directed mutagenesis of Mycolicibacterium neoaurum strains, bioconversion from phytosterol, and selective purification of C steroid 24-norchol-4-ene-3,22-dione (24-NCED) and C steroid 20-hydroxymethylpregn-4-ene-3-one (20-HMP).

Selective Microbial Conversion of DHEA into 7α-OH-DHEA.

7α-Hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone (7α-OH-prasterone, 7α-OH-DHEA) is a key steroid intermediate in the synthesis of valuable pharmaceuticals widely used in the treatment of autoimmune illness, rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, and other severe diseases. The steroid can be produced using a filamentous fungus, which is capable of regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation of the steroid 3β-alcohol (DHEA) in the allylic position C7. Here, we describe a method for highly selective microbial production of 7α-OH-DHEA from DHEA using the zygomycete Backusella lamprospora VKM F-944.

Insight into Different Stages of Steroid Degradation in Thermophilic VKM Ac-666 Strain.

Steroids are abundant molecules in nature, and various microorganisms evolved to utilize steroids. Thermophilic actinobacteria play an important role in such processes. However, very few thermophiles have so far been reported capable of degrading or modifying natural sterols.

A New Insight into High-Aspect-Ratio Channel Drilling in Translucent Dielectrics with a KrF Laser for Waveguide Applications.

A new insight into capillary channel formation with a high aspect ratio in the translucent matter by nanosecond UV laser pulses is discussed based on our experiments on KrF laser multi-pulse drilling of polymethyl methacrylate and K8 silica glass. The proposed mechanism includes self-consistent laser beam filamentation along a small UV light penetration depth caused by a local refraction index increase due to material densification by both UV and ablation pressure, followed by filamentation-assisted ablation. A similar mechanism was shown to be realized in highly transparent media, i.

Bioproduction of testosterone from phytosterol by Mycolicibacterium neoaurum strains: "one-pot", two modes.

The main male hormone, testosterone is obtained from cheap and readily available phytosterol using the strains of Mycolicibacterium neoaurum VKM Ac-1815D, or Ac-1816D. During the first "oxidative" stage, phytosterol (5-10 g/L) was aerobically converted by Ac-1815D, or Ac-1816D to form 17-ketoandrostanes: androstenedione, or androstadienedione, respectively. At the same bioreactor, the 17-ketoandrostanes were further transformed to testosterone due to the presence of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the strains ("reductive" mode).

Recombinant Extracellular Cholesterol Oxidase from Nocardioides simplex.

Cholesterol oxidase is a highly demanded enzyme used in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, chemistry, and biotechnology. It catalyzes oxidation of 3β-hydroxy-5-ene- to 3-keto-4-ene- steroids with the formation of hydrogen peroxide. Here, we expressed 6xHis-tagged mature form of the extracellular cholesterol oxidase (ChO) from the actinobacterium Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D (55.

Computationally Efficient Concept of Representative Directions for Anisotropic Fibrous Materials.

The concept of representative directions allows for automatic generation of multi-axial constitutive equations, starting from simplified uni-axial material models. In this paper, a modification of the concept is considered suitable for the analysis of fibrous polymeric materials, which are anisotropic in the as-received state. The modification of the concept incorporates an orientation probability density function (OPDF), which explicitly accounts for the material anisotropy.

Growth forms of grid tilings.

Growth forms of tilings are an interesting invariant of tilings. They are fully understood in the periodic case but there are very few examples in the quasiperiodic case. Here this problem is studied for quasiperiodic tilings obtained by the grid method.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy: an emerging technique for non-invasive optical assessment of a local bio-nano-environment.

Raman spectroscopy provides a non-invasive, chemically-specific optical imaging of biological objects without relying on endogenous labels. Nonlinear Raman spectroscopy allows non-invasive imaging at much faster speed with an improved spatial resolution and axial sectioning capability. In this report we propose a novel use of nonlinear Raman spectroscopy as a sensor of local nano-environment.

Correction: Gostev et al. In Vivo Stability of Polyurethane-Based Electrospun Vascular Grafts in Terms of Chemistry and Mechanics. 2020, , 845.

The authors wish to make a change to the published paper [...

Steroid Metabolism in Thermophilic Actinobacterium VKM Ac-666.

The application of thermophilic microorganisms opens new prospects in steroid biotechnology, but little is known to date on steroid catabolism by thermophilic strains. The thermophilic strain VKM Ac-666 has been shown to convert various steroids and to fully degrade cholesterol. Cholest-4-en-3-one, cholesta-1,4-dien-3-one, 26-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, 3-oxo-cholest-4-en-26-oic acid, 3-oxo-cholesta-1,4-dien-26-oic acid, 26-hydroxycholesterol, 3β-hydroxy-cholest-5-en-26-oic acid were identified as intermediates in cholesterol oxidation.

Hydroxylation of pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone by zygomycete Backusella lamprospora VKM F-944: selective production of 7α-OH-DHEA.

In this paper, we studied the transformation of two 3β-hydroxy-5-ene-steroids-pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) by Backusella lamprospora VKM F- 944. The soil-dwelling zygomycete wild-type strain has been earlier selected during the screening and previously unexplored for this purpose. The fungus fully converted pregnenolone to form a mixture of axial 7α-hydroxy-pregnenolone and 7α,11α-dihydroxy-pregnenolone, while no metabolites with β-orientation of the hydroxyl group were detected.

Steroid modification by filamentous fungus Drechslera sp.: Focus on 7-hydroxylase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities.

Fungal strain Drechslera sp. Ph F-34 was shown to modify 3-oxo- and 3-hydroxy steroids of androstane series to form the corresponding allylic 7-alcohols and 17β-reduced derivatives thus evidencing the presence of 7α-, 7β-hydroxylase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) activities. The growing mycelium predominantly hydroxylated androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) at the 7β-position, while much lower 7α-hydroxylation was observed.

The Differences in the Levels of Oxidative Status Marker and Soluble CD95 in Patients with Moderate to Severe COPD during an Exacerbation and a Stable Period.

Studying the features of changes in markers of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation indicators in COPD patients depending on the degree of bronchial obstruction is one of the priority directions for improving the prognosis and monitoring of the course of this pathology. We conducted a comparative investigation of changes in markers of OS and apoptosis at the systemic and local levels in patients with moderate to severe COPD during exacerbation and stable phase. 105 patients with COPD aged 46-67 and 21 healthy nonsmoking volunteers comparable in age were examined.

VKM Aс-2618D-an Effective Producer of Tacrolimus.

The sp. VKM Ac-2618D strain has been identified, and its morphological and physiological features have been studied in relation to the production of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus. The phenotypic variability of the strain was analyzed, and a dissociant with a high level of tacrolimus production was selected.

Parameter Identification and Validation of Shape-Memory Polymers within the Framework of Finite Strain Viscoelasticity.

Shape-Memory Polymers (SMPs) can be stretched to large deformations and recover induced strains when exposed to an appropriate stimulus, such as heat. This emerging class of functional polymers has attracted much interest and found applications in medicine and engineering. Nevertheless, prior to any application, their physical and mechanical properties must be thoroughly studied and understood in order to make predictions or to design structures thereof.

Influence of Elongation of Paclitaxel-Eluting Electrospun-Produced Stent Coating on Paclitaxel Release and Transport through the Arterial Wall after Stenting.

It was previously shown that polycaprolactone (PCL)-based electrospun-produced paclitaxel (PTX)-enriched matrices exhibit long-term drug release kinetics and can be used as coatings for drug-eluting stents (DES). The installation of vascular stents involves a twofold increase in stent diameter and, therefore, an elongation of the matrices covering the stents, as well as the arterial wall in a stented area. We studied the influence of matrix elongation on its structure and PTX release using three different electrospun-produced matrices.

Different genome-wide transcriptome responses of Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D to phytosterol and cortisone 21-acetate.

Background: Bacterial degradation/transformation of steroids is widely investigated to create biotechnologically relevant strains for industrial application. The strain of Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D is well known mainly for its superior 3-ketosteroid Δ-dehydrogenase activity towards various 3-oxosteroids and other important reactions of sterol degradation. However, its biocatalytic capacities and the molecular fundamentals of its activity towards natural sterols and synthetic steroids were not fully understood.

Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica for the selective and high-level production of isocitric acid through manipulation of mitochondrial dicarboxylate-tricarboxylate carriers.

During cultivation under nitrogen starvation, Yarrowia lipolytica produces a mixture of citric acid and isocitric acid whose ratio is mainly determined by the carbon source used. We report that mitochondrial succinate-fumarate carrier YlSfc1 controls isocitric acid efflux from mitochondria. YlSfc1 purified and reconstituted into liposomes transports succinate, fumarate, oxaloacetate, isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate.

Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling Provides Insight on Cholesterol and Lithocholate Degradation Mechanisms in VKM Ac-2033D.

Steroid microbial degradation plays a significant ecological role for biomass decomposition and removal/detoxification of steroid pollutants. In this study, the initial steps of cholesterol degradation and lithocholate bioconversion by a strain with enhanced 3-ketosteroid dehydrogenase (3-KSD) activity, VKM Ac-2033D, were studied. Biochemical, transcriptomic, and bioinformatic approaches were used.