Current innovations in mRNA vaccines for targeting multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens.

The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) ESKAPE pathogens, including Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, represents a critical global public health challenge. In response, mRNA vaccines offer an adaptable and scalable platform for immunotherapy against ESKAPE pathogens by encoding specific antigens that stimulate B-cell-driven antibody production and CD8 T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, effectively neutralizing these pathogens and combating resistance. This review examines recent advancements and ongoing challenges in the development of mRNA vaccines targeting MDR ESKAPE pathogens.