Stem Cell Therapy for Acute/Subacute Ischemic Stroke with a Focus on Intraarterial Stem Cell Transplantation: From Basic Research to Clinical Trials.

Stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke holds great promise for the treatment of neurological impairment and has moved from the laboratory into early clinical trials. The mechanism of action of stem cell therapy includes the bystander effect and cell replacement. The bystander effect plays an important role in the acute to subacute phase, and cell replacement plays an important role in the subacute to chronic phase.

Optogenetic Stimulation Reduces Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression After Stroke.

Post-stroke optogenetic stimulation has been shown to enhance neurovascular coupling and functional recovery. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has been implicated as a key regulator of the neurovascular response in acute stroke; however, its role in subacute recovery remains unclear. We investigated the expression of nNOS in stroke mice undergoing optogenetic stimulation of the contralesional lateral cerebellar nucleus (cLCN).

RNA-Sequencing Analysis Revealed a Distinct Motor Cortex Transcriptome in Spontaneously Recovered Mice After Stroke.

Background and Purpose- Many restorative therapies have been used to study brain repair after stroke. These therapeutic-induced changes have revealed important insights on brain repair and recovery mechanisms; however, the intrinsic changes that occur in spontaneously recovery after stroke is less clear. The goal of this study is to elucidate the intrinsic changes in spontaneous recovery after stroke, by directly investigating the transcriptome of primary motor cortex in mice that naturally recovered after stroke.

Extraforaminal Lumbar Nerve Root Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain: A Case Report.

Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord is commonly used to treat neuropathic pain. However, epidural space adhesion caused by previous surgery may interfere with precise electrical lead placement. We here report a case of successful placement of electrical leads via an extraforaminal approach in the management of recurrent pain after primary spinal cord stimulation.

Age of donor of human mesenchymal stem cells affects structural and functional recovery after cell therapy following ischaemic stroke.

Cell transplantation therapy offers great potential to improve impairments after stroke. However, the importance of donor age on therapeutic efficacy is unclear. We investigated the regenerative capacity of transplanted cells focusing on donor age (young vs.

Optogenetic neuronal stimulation of the lateral cerebellar nucleus promotes persistent functional recovery after stroke.

Stroke induces network-wide changes in the brain, affecting the excitability in both nearby and remotely connected regions. Brain stimulation is a promising neurorestorative technique that has been shown to improve stroke recovery by altering neuronal activity of the target area. However, it is unclear whether the beneficial effect of stimulation is a result of neuronal or non-neuronal activation, as existing stimulation techniques nonspecifically activate/inhibit all cell types (neurons, glia, endothelial cells, oligodendrocytes) in the stimulated area.

Impact of clipping versus coiling on postoperative hemodynamics and pulmonary edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Volume management is critical for assessment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This multicenter prospective cohort study compared the impact of surgical clipping versus endovascular coiling on postoperative hemodynamics and pulmonary edema in patients with SAH. Hemodynamic parameters were measured for 14 days using a transpulmonary thermodilution system.

Dramatic recovery after severe descending transtentorial herniation-induced Duret haemorrhage: a case report and review of literature.

Background: Although Duret haemorrhage of the brainstem caused by descending transtentorial herniation is considered fatal, a few cases have been reported to have good outcome. Moreover, most patients with Duret haemorrhage have severe primary brain injury and the potential outcome of those with mild primary brain injury remains unknown.

Case Report: This study reports the case of a patient presenting with Duret haemorrhage caused by an idiopathic subdural haematoma who demonstrated dramatic recovery.

Intra-arterial cell transplantation provides timing-dependent cell distribution and functional recovery after stroke.

Background And Purpose: Intra-arterial cell transplantation offers a novel therapeutic strategy for stroke; however, it remains unclear how the timing of cell administration affects cell distribution, brain repair processes, and functional recovery. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that the timing of cell transplantation changes the behavior of the cell graft and the host environment in a way that affects functional recovery.

Methods: Rats received human mesenchymal stem cells via the internal carotid artery at 1, 4, or 7 days (D1, D4, or D7) after middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion.

Syringomyelia and arachnoid cysts associated with spinal arachnoiditis following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

A 66-year-old woman with primary Sjogren syndrome developed syringomyelia following two episodes of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to the rupture of basilar artery aneurysms. Gait disturbance and abnormal sensation with pain over the foot and abdomen appeared 3 years after the last SAH. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed a syringomyelia throughout the thoracic cord, from the T2 to T11 levels.

Assessment of carotid plaque stability based on the dynamic enhancement pattern in plaque components with multidetector CT angiography.

Background And Purpose: Recent studies have investigated plaque morphology to determine patients who are at high risk of carotid atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated whether a difference in dynamic enhancement pattern in plaque components could be useful to assess plaque stability with multidetector CT angiography.

Methods: Fifty-nine lesions with moderate to severe carotid atherosclerosis in 51 patients (33 symptomatic, 18 asymptomatic) were consecutively included.

[Dissecting aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome--a case report].

Unlabelled: The Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is defined congenital anomalies and is characterized by postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, specific facial characteristics, broad thumbs and big toes, and mental retardation. RTS displays an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and is typically caused by cAMP response element-binding (CREB)-binding protein deficiency. Various complications such as eye anomalies and a variety of congenital heart defects are reported in such cases.

[Intracranial granulocytic sarcoma extending from the posterior fossa to the carotid space via the jugular foramen: a case report].

Granulocytic sarcoma consists of neoplastic granulocytic precursors and myeloblasts. It is a focal lesion seen in 2-10.9% of acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) patients.

Reversible clinical and magnetic resonance imaging of central pontine myelinolysis following surgery for craniopharyngioma: serial magnetic resonance imaging studies.

An 18-year-old girl presented with central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) following surgery for craniopharyngioma. Postoperatively, the patient developed diabetes insipidus with remarkable fluctuation of serum sodium level, suffered a seizure, and developed mental state changes and quadriparesis. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging obtained soon after the development of the symptoms showed no significant abnormalities.

[Case of reversible ischemic neurological deficit presented as hemiballism].

Ballism is characterized by continuous, coarse, flinging involuntary movements involving the limbs. Although persistent involuntary movements caused by cerebrovascular diseases mostly in middle-aged patients are well known, transient involuntary movements are an unusual manifestation of cerebrovascular diseases. We describe a rare case of reversible ischemic neurologic deficit (RIND) presented as hemiballism.

[Efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis in neurosurgical operations].

Object: It is reported that antimicrobial prophylaxis (AMP) reduces the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) in neurological surgery. However, a great deal of variation exists regarding the type of antibiotics, dose, timing and duration. In this study, the authors analyzed the incidence of SSI comparing two different AMP protocols.