A space-for-time (SFT) substitution approach to studying historical phenological changes in urban environment.

Plant phenological records are crucial for predicting plant responses to global warming. However, many historical records are either short or replete with data gaps, which pose limitations and may lead to erroneous conclusions about the direction and magnitude of change. In addition to uninterrupted monitoring, missing observations may be substituted via modeling, experimentation, or gradient analysis.

[Ecological characteristics of Artemisia halodendron community and population on Horqin sandy land].

Based on the analysis of species important values and Shannon-Wiener index of Artemisia halodendron community on different type sandy lands in Horqin, A. halodendron community was classified into three types, i. e.