Mapping of the full polarization switching pathways for HfO and its implications.

The discovery of ferroelectric phases in HfO offers insights into ferroelectricity. Its unique fluorite structure and complex polarization switching pathways exhibit distinct characteristics, challenging conventional analysis methods. Combining group theory and first-principles calculations, we identify numerous unconventional electric polarization switching pathways in HfO with energy barriers of 0.

Wnt specifically induces FZD5/8 endocytosis and degradation and the involvement of RSPO-ZNRF3/RNF43 and DVL.

Frizzled (FZD) proteins are the principal receptors of the Wnt signaling pathway. However, whether Wnt ligands induce FZD endocytosis and degradation remains elusive. The transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligases ZNRF3 and RNF43 promote the endocytosis and degradation of FZD receptors to inhibit Wnt signaling, and their function is antagonized by R-spondin (RSPO) proteins.

Phase Stability and Phase Transition Pathways in the Rhombohedral Phase of HfO.

Determining the stability of complex phases in HfO is fundamental to advancing its development and application as ferroelectric material. However, there is ongoing debate regarding whether the ferroelectric phase of HfO originates from the orthorhombic phase or the rhombohedral one. Using first-principles calculations with symmetry group and phonon structure analysis, we have derived multiple phase transitions and ferroelectric switching pathways for the rhombohedral phase, and analyzed their static and dynamic stability.

Amorphous Bismuth-Tin Oxide Nanosheets with Optimized C-N Coupling for Efficient Urea Synthesis.

Closing the carbon and nitrogen cycles by electrochemical methods using renewable energy to convert abundant or harmful feedstocks into high-value C- or N-containing chemicals has the potential to transform the global energy landscape. However, efficient conversion avenues have to date been mostly realized for the independent reduction of CO or NO. The synthesis of more complex C-N compounds still suffers from low conversion efficiency due to the inability to find effective catalysts.

Efficient C-N coupling in the direct synthesis of urea from CO and N by amorphous SbBiO clusters.

Although direct generation of high-value complex molecules and feedstock by coupling of ubiquitous small molecules such as CO and N holds great appeal as a potential alternative to current fossil-fuel technologies, suitable scalable and efficient catalysts to this end are not currently available as yet to be designed and developed. To this end, here we prepare and characterize SbBiO clusters for direct urea synthesis from CO and N via C-N coupling. The introduction of Sb in the amorphous BiO clusters changes the adsorption geometry of CO on the catalyst from O-connected to C-connected, creating the possibility for the formation of complex products such as urea.

RAB21 controls autophagy and cellular energy homeostasis by regulating retromer-mediated recycling of SLC2A1/GLUT1.

The endosomal system maintains cellular homeostasis by coordinating multiple vesicular trafficking events, and the retromer complex plays a critical role in endosomal cargo recognition and sorting. Here, we demonstrate an essential role for the small GTPase RAB21 in regulating retromer-mediated recycling of the glucose transporter SLC2A1/GLUT1 and macroautophagy/autophagy. RAB21 depletion mis-sorts SLC2A1 to lysosomes and affects glucose uptake, thereby activating the AMPK-ULK1 pathway to increase autophagic flux.