TRAF3 gene regulates macrophage migration and activation by lung epithelial cells infected with .

can infect immunocompromised individuals and cause chronic and fatal invasive fungal infections. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of -host interactions may provide new references for disease treatment. In this study, we demonstrated that the TRAF3 gene plays an important role in the early infection of by regulating the resistance of lung epithelial cells to .

Suppression of Germination by Neutrophils Is Enhanced by Endothelial-Derived CSF3 Production.

Infection with can cause life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised patients with an unacceptable mortality rate. Angioinvasion is one of the features of severe invasive aspergillosis. Neutrophils are short-lived immune cells regulated by colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF3) that play a key role in anti-fungal immune responses.

Perspectives of small molecule inhibitors of activin receptor‑like kinase in anti‑tumor treatment and stem cell differentiation (Review).

Activin receptor‑like kinases (ALKs), members of the type I activin receptor family, belong to the serine/threonine kinase receptors of the transforming growth factor‑β (TGF‑β) superfamily. ALKs mediate the roles of activin/TGF‑β in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes, ranging from cell differentiation and proliferation to apoptosis. For example, the activities of ALKs are associated with an advanced tumor stage in prostate cancer and the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.

Activin A regulates activities of peripheral blood natural killer cells of mouse in an autocrine and paracrine manner.

Activin A, a multifunctional cytokine of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, can be produced by the diverse immune cells. NK cells in peripheral blood are one of the major immune cells applied to cancer therapy in recent years. However, whether activin A can be produced by natural killer (NK) cells and be involved in regulation of peripheral blood NK cells activities of mouse are not well characterized.