Origin, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of a human isolated influenza A(H10N3) virus from China.

Subtype H10 viruses are known to infect humans in Africa, Oceania, and Asia. In 2021, 2022, and recently in April 2024, a novel H10N3 subtype avian influenza virus was found cause human infection with severe pneumonia. Herein, we comprehensively studied the phylogenetic evolution and biological characteristics of the newly emerged influenza A(H10N3) virus.

Functional evaluation of TMEM176B and its predictive role for severe respiratory viral infection through integrated analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing.

Transmembrane protein 176B (TMEM176B), localized mainly on the endosomal membrane, has been reported as an immune regulatory factor in malignant diseases. However, the biological function of this molecule remains undetermined during respiratory viral infections. To investigate the functions and prognostic value of this gene, six gene sets were selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus database for research.

R229I substitution from oseltamivir induction in HA1 region significantly increased the fitness of a H7N9 virus bearing NA 292K.

The proportion of human isolates with reduced neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) susceptibility in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 virus was high. These drug-resistant strains showed good replication capacity without serious loss of fitness. In the presence of oseltamivir, R229I substitution were found in HA1 region of the HPAI H7N9 virus before NA R292K appeared.

Rapid adaptive substitution of L226Q in HA protein increases the pathogenicity of H9N2 viruses in mice.

Background: Since the first human infection with H9N2 virus was reported in 1998, the number of cases of H9N2 infection has exceeded one hundred by 2021. However, there is no systematic description of the biological characteristics of H9N2 viruses isolated from humans.

Methods: Therefore, this study analyzed the pathogenicity in mice of all available H9N2 viruses isolated from human cases in China from 2013 to 2021.

The prognosis, chemotherapy and immunotherapy efficacy of the SUMOylation pathway signature and the role of UBA2 in lung adenocarcinoma.

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO)-ylation plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis. However, the SUMOylation pathway landscape and its clinical implications in LUAD remain unclear.

IgG4-related Lung Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the infiltration of a large number of IgG4+ plasma cells, neoplastic lesions in the affected tissues, and a sharp increase in the concentration of serum IgG4. IgG4-RD is a rare and novel disease involving multiple organs with various clinical manifestations. Understanding and studying the pulmonary manifestations of IgG4-RD is critical for improving diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase serum levels potentially predict the response to checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and other biomarkers are not completely reliable predictors of the response to checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated the value of peripheral serological inflammatory indicators and their combination in predicting the prognosis of patients with advanced NSCLC treated with checkpoint inhibitors.

Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed 116 NSCLC patients treated with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies.

Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at the Huanan Seafood Market.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019, emerged in December 2019. Its origins remain uncertain. It has been reported that a number of the early human cases of coronavirus disease 2019 had a history of contact with the Huanan Seafood Market.

Transcriptomic Profiling of Mouse Mast Cells upon Pathogenic Avian H5N1 and Pandemic H1N1 Influenza a Virus Infection.

Mast cells, widely residing in connective tissues and on mucosal surfaces, play significant roles in battling against influenza A viruses. To gain further insights into the host cellular responses of mouse mast cells with influenza A virus infection, such as the highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 and the human pandemic influenza A H1N1, we employed high-throughput RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and related signaling pathways. Our data revealed that H1N1-infected mouse mast P815 cells presented more up- and down-regulated genes compared with H5N1-infected cells.

Incidence of medically attended influenza and influenza virus infections confirmed by serology in Ningbo City from 2017-2018 to 2019-2020.

Objectives: In mainland China, the disease burden of influenza is not yet fully understood. Based on population-based data, we aimed to estimate incidence rates of medically attended influenza and influenza virus infections in Ningbo City.

Methods: We used data for outpatient acute respiratory illness (OARI) from a platform covering all health and medical institutes in Yingzhou District, Ningbo City.

Safety, Immunogenicity, and Effectiveness of Defective Viral Particles Arising in Mast Cells Against Influenza in Mice.

Mast cells play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Defective viral particles (DPs) often arise during IAV replication, which can interfere with the replication of infectious viruses and stimulate the antiviral response of host cells. Therefore, DPs are expected to have immune-protective functions in clinic.

Defective Viral Particles Produced in Mast Cells Can Effectively Fight Against Lethal Influenza A Virus.

Mast cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (H5N1-HPAIV) infection. Defective viral particles (DPs) can interfere with the replication of infectious viruses and stimulate the innate immune response of host cells. However, DPs arising from mast cells during HPAIV replication and their potent antiviral actions has not been reported.

Incidence of influenza virus infections confirmed by serology in children and adult in a suburb community, northern China, 2018-2019 influenza season.

Background: In mainland China, seasonal influenza disease burden at community level is unknown. The incidence rate of influenza virus infections in the community is difficult to determine due to the lack of well-defined catchment populations of influenza-like illness surveillance sentinel hospitals.

Objectives: We established a community-based cohort to estimate incidence of seasonal influenza infections indicated by serology and protection conferred by antibody titers against influenza infections during 2018-2019 influenza season in northern China.

Profile and generation of reduced neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility in highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 virus from human cases in Mainland of China, 2016-2019.

Human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 virus were detected in late 2016. We examined the drug resistance profile of 30 HPAI H7N9 isolates from Mainland of China (2016-2019). Altogether, 23% (7/30) carried neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) - resistance mutations, and 13% (4/30) displayed reduced susceptibility to NAIs in neuraminidase (NA) inhibition test.

Pre-Treatment with Zirconia Nanoparticles Reduces Inflammation Induced by the Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus.

Background: New approaches are urgently needed to fight influenza viral infection. Previous research has shown that zirconia nanoparticles can be used as anticancer materials, but their antiviral activity has not been reported. Here, we investigated the antiviral effect of zirconia (ZrO) nanoparticles (NPs) against a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.

Molecular characterization of H3 subtype avian influenza viruses based on poultry-related environmental surveillance in China between 2014 and 2017.

The H3 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a threat to both animal and human health. In this study, phylogenetic analysis showed that the H3 AIVs had various genomic constellations and extensive reassortments, increasing genetic diversity and the emergence of new pathogenic viruses that might infect human beings. Molecular analysis demonstrated that the major molecular markers linked to drug resistance were identified in M genes of three studied viruses, and there might be wide range of resistant virus infections in poultry in the future.

p-STAT1 regulates the influenza A virus replication and inflammatory response in vitro and vivo.

Influenza A virus infection activates various intracellular signaling pathways, which is mediated by the transcription factors. Here, a quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of A549 cells after infection with influenza A virus (H5N1) was performed and we found that the transcription factor STAT1 was highly activated. Unexpectedly, upon inhibition of p-STAT1, titers of progeny virus and viral protein synthesis were both reduced.

Genomic and Bioinformatic Characterization of Mouse Mast Cells (P815) Upon Different Influenza A Virus (H1N1, H5N1, and H7N2) Infections.

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a segmented negative-stranded RNA virus that brings a potentially serious threat to public health and animal husbandry. Mast cells play an important role in both the inherent and adaptive immune response. Previous studies have indicated that mast cells support the productive replication of H1N1, H5N1, and H7N2.

iTRAQ-based proteomic and bioinformatic characterization of human mast cells upon infection by the influenza A virus strains H1N1 and H5N1.

Mast cells can support the replication of influenza A virus, although how this occurs is poorly understood. In the present study, using quantitative MS, we analyzed the proteome of human mast cells infected with different influenza A virus strains at 12 h post-infection. Forty-one differentially expressed proteins were identified in human mast cells upon infection by the virulent H5N1 (A/Chicken/Henan/1/04) virus compared to the seasonal H1N1 (A/WSN/33) virus.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 viruses with reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors showed comparable replication capacity to their sensitive counterparts.

Background: Human infection with avian influenza H7N9 virus was first reported in 2013. Since the fifth epidemic, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 virus has emerged and caused 33 human infections. Several potential NAI resistance sites have been found in human cases.

Intra-host Ebola viral adaption during human infection.

The onsite next generation sequencing (NGS) of Ebola virus (EBOV) genomes during the 2013-2016 Ebola epidemic in Western Africa provides an opportunity to trace the origin, transmission, and evolution of this virus. Herein, we have diagnosed a cohort of EBOV patients in Sierra Leone in 2015, during the late phase of the outbreak. The surviving EBOV patients had a recovery process characterized by decreasing viremia, fever, and biochemical parameters.

The re-emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 viruses in humans in mainland China, 2019.

After no reported human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 for over a year, a case with severe disease occurred in late March 2019. Among HPAI H7N9 viral sequences, those recovered from the case and from environmental samples of a poultry slaughtering stall near their home formed a distinct clade from 2017 viral sequences. Several mutations possibly associated to antigenic drift occurred in the haemagglutinin gene, potentially warranting update of H7N9 vaccine strains.