[Disorders of oxidation-reduction processes in nephrotic syndrome].

Reduction capacity of the blood and its fractions was studied by potentiometry in 68 patients with the nephrotic syndrome. The type of renal injury was identified by kidney biopsy in all the patients. Control group consisted of 30 donors.

[The clinical importance of histocompatibility antigens and their combinations in the diagnosis of chronic pyelonephritis].

Distribution of histocompatibility antigens and combinations thereof were investigated in citizens of St. Petersburg. All the examinees suffered from chronic pyelonephritis (CPN).

[The clinical significance of immunological indices in chronic pyelonephritis].

Humoral and cellular immunity and data on biopsy tissue inoculation were evaluated for 72 patients with morphologically confirmed pyelonephritis. Cellular immunity was judged by lymphocyte rosette-test. T-lymphocyte subpopulation was counted in absolute numbers.

[Changes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and immunologic parameters in essential and symptomatic arterial hypertension].

The authors examined 150 patients with pronounced arterial hypertension: 73 with essential hypertension, 42 with chronic glomerulonephritis, 26 with chronic pyelonephritis and 10 with diabetic glomerulosclerosis. In addition to conventional tests, measurements were made of renin activity, levels of plasma aldosterone and hydrocortisone, IgA, IgG, IgM, CIC. A significant rise in concentrations of aldosterone, hydrocortisone against a significant fall in those of plasma renin were registered in all the patients irrespective of the disease.

[Effect of protectors on morphofunctional changes in rat kidneys in tourniquet shock].

The protective effect produced on the kidneys in tourniquet shock by thiol agents possessing antioxidant properties (unithiol, cystamine) was compared with that of a preparation of cell capsules of L. bulgaricus (CCLB). Tourniquet shock was modeled under ether Raush anesthesia by applying 8 turns of a rubber tourniquet to the hind limbs for 6 hours.

[Lipidemia in the nephrotic syndrome and the atherogenicity of the plasma].

The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemia is in some cases a risk factor for atherosclerosis in this group of patients. The lipid plasma spectrum was studied in 45 patients with the nephrotic syndrome.

[The correlation of different forms of primary glomerulonephritis today and their diagnostic criteria (the work experience of a nephrology department and a clinico-morphological analysis of 3000 cases)].

The author reviews the structure of nephropathies on the basis of an analysis of the clinicomorphological data obtained during the follow-up of 3000 patients examined at the nephrological center. In a group of primary glomerulonephritis, the mesangioproliferative form occurred most frequently (68%), the membranoproliferative form was encountered in 27.2% of cases, and the membranous form in 1.

[Use of partusisten in prevention of hyperkalemia in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis with initial forms of renal failure].

The studies performed proved the ability of the drug partusisten (in a dose of 10 mg/day) to effectively reduce an elevated potassium level in the serum of chronic sufferers with glomerulonephritis and initial renal insufficiency. Normal concentrations of Ca, K and Na in relevant patients remained unchanged except a slight rise in K urinary excretion this suggesting an extrarenal mechanism of K redistribution consequent to the action of beta 2-adrenergic agents.

[Arterial hypertension in glomerulonephritis].

The duration of nephropathy, the onset of arterial hypertension (AH), a family history of AH, uric syndrome, intravenous urographic evidence, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determined from endogenous creatinine, the cellular membranes studied in erythrocytes by ureal hemolysis, and blood levels of thiol and disulfide groups by back amperometric titration, red blood cell activity of glutathione reductase and glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were evaluated in 108 patients with essential hypertension (EH), mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis who had elevated and normal blood pressures and 18 healthy subjects. All the patients underwent closed renal puncture biopsy. There were structural alterations in the red blood cell membranes as evidenced by examinations of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, thiol and disulfide groups in erythrocyte protein and low-weight molecular fractions in healthy subjects with a family history of AH, patients with EH, with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.

[Once more about interstitial nephritis].

A comparative study was made of 25 patients (Group 2, control) with documented pyelonephritis and 55 patients (Group 1) who had a morphological picture of chronic interstitial inflammation without signs of abnormal urodynamics, bacteriuria, urographic and sonographic evidence of pyelonephritis. All the patients underwent life-time morphological study, their immunological spectrum (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE) was explored. They had a test for sensitization of a peripheral blood mononuclear fraction to one or several drugs which had been given to the patients.

[The ability of partusisten to improve kidney excretory function in the initial stage of kidney failure in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis].

To assess the effect of partusisten (fenoterol) on excretory function of the kidneys, the drug was administered per os in a dose of 10 mg/day for 7-10 days in 17 chronic glomerulonephritis patients with initial forms (stages I-IIA) of renal failure. A dramatic increase of glomerular filtration, a certain rise of tubular reabsorption, a reduction of blood concentration of nitrous residues were revealed, which was accompanied by electrolyte shifts and hemodynamic changes characteristic of partusisten. It is concluded that partusisten can be used as a drug ameliorating excretory function of the kidneys in chronic glomerulonephritis patients with initial forms of chronic renal failure.

[Arterial hypertension in glomerulonephritis].

A study is presented of the humoral mechanisms of arterial hypertension, clinical course and morphological changes of the renal tissue as evidenced by kidney biopsy data in 203 patients with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) depending on the presence of arterial hypertension and time of its development. The development of arterial hypertension is caused by genetic factors and is similar to hypertensive disease by its humoral indices. The mechanisms of initiation of arterial hypertension are also similar at the onset and final stage of GN.

[Clinical, immunological and morphological evaluation of nephrotic syndrome].

The results are available of combined examination of the kidneys in 84 patients with manifest nephrotic syndrome varying in etiology: 57 had glomerulonephritis, 18 amyloidosis, 9 diabetic nephropathy. The study covered lipid metabolism, immunological status, lifetime morphological investigation of the kidneys. The latter procedure proved advantageous over biochemical and immunological studies in deciding upon nosological diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome and its prognosis.

[The role of the kidney lymphatic capillaries in the pathogenesis of the nephrotic syndrome].

As many as 16 patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) of varying etiology and 10 patients without the NS were examined for ultrastructure of lymph capillaries of the kidney. Many-staged changes, from regenerative to destructive ones, associated with proteinuria growth and formation of the NS were revealed in lymph capillaries of the kidney. Patients with the NS of long standing manifested irreversible destructive processes--destruction of the capillary walls, karyopyknosis and cytoplasm coagulation.

[The malignant hypertension syndrome: incontrovertible and questionable truths].

A total of 42 patients with malignant arterial hypertension (MAH) were examined. Of these, 32 patients had essential hypertension (26 with normal renal function and 6 with renal failure treated by programmed hemodialysis) and 10 suffered from chronic glomerulonephritis. The patients were examined for central hemodynamics, hormonal background (plasma renin activity) (PRA), plasma aldosterone and cortisol concentration.

[The nephrotic syndrome in elderly patients].

The most frequent cause of development of the nephrotic syndrome in the elderly is secondary amyloidosis of the kidneys (71%). Most patients showed an association of the nephrotic syndrome with arterial hypertension (74%) and renal failure (59%). As compared with a control group of patients under 40, the elderly revealed concomitant diseases, greater severity and frequency of vascular and interstitial changes during morphological examination.

[The role of atrial natriuretic peptide in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension in chronic glomerulonephritis].

Radioimmunoassay was used in 39 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and secondary hypertension to measure atrial natriuretic peptide concentration in blood plasma. The latter concentration appeared unrelated to the patients' age, duration and gravity of hypertension, the degree of renal insufficiency, hyperhydration and activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone++ system. The conclusion is made on minor contribution of this short-acting peptide to pathogenesis of arterial hypertension in chronic glomerulonephritis.

[The ultrastructure of the lymphatic capillaries of the human kidneys with various lesions].

Puncture biopsy of the kidneys was carried out in 15 patients with different renal lesions. General clinical, laboratory, light microscopy and electron microscopy of the biopsy specimens were employed. Electron microscopy revealed varying changes in the endotheliocytes of the lymphatic capillaries (increased functional activity, destruction of the lymphatic capillary wall).

[Structural changes in the kidney vessels in nephropathies and hypertension].

Morphological changes of the renal blood vessels were studied in 143 patients with different nephropathies and hypertensive disease. Vessels wall changes proper included: fibroelastosis, hyalinosis as well as antibodies to smooth muscle cells observed exclusively in the development of arterial hypertension. The changes were more pronounced in severe and durable hypertension.

[Mechanisms of the development of drug-induced nephropathy].

A hypothesis of the development of drug-induced nephropathy has been reviewed. The authors believe that the body sensitization to different drugs underlies drug-induced nephropathy. The sensitization may develop in the presence of congenital or acquired abnormalities leading to hemodynamic disorders in the kidneys.

[Is it easy to diagnose essential hypertension? (considerations of the nephrologist)].

The author analyses the cases of the occurrence of arterial hypertension owing to renal pathology, resembling, in accordance with the clinico-morphologic criteria (the data of puncture biopsy of the kidneys), essential hypertension. The hypothesis of the pathogenesis of essential hypertension is advanced, accounting for the possibility of the development of the single-type hypertension syndrome under different conditions. The data presented make it possible to review the diagnostic criteria of essential hypertension and of so-called symptomatic arterial hypertensions.