Mechanisms for iron oxide nanoparticle alleviation of nanoplastic-induced stress in Perilla frutescens revealed by integrated physiological and transcriptomic analysis.

Nanoplastics, infiltrating soil ecosystems through diverse pathways such as agricultural practices, sludge application, and atmospheric deposition, present significant potential risks to global ecological systems. Through adsorption, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) could reduce toxicity and bioavailability of nanoplastics in polluted soil ecosystems. However, little is known about how interactions between IONPs and polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) affect plant growth.