Inulin-type fructan intervention restricts the increase in gut microbiome-generated indole in patients with peritoneal dialysis: a randomized crossover study.

Background: Indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS), 2 important protein-bound uremic toxins, are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with end-stage renal disease. Indole and p-cresol are gut microbiome-generated precursors of IS and pCS.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine whether inulin-type fructans (ITFs) reduce the production of indole and p-cresol by altering their producing bacteria in patients with peritoneal dialysis.