Dual Split Protein (DSP) Assay to Monitor Cell-Cell Membrane Fusion.

Fusion between viral and cellular membranes is the essential first step in infection of enveloped viruses. This step is mediated by viral envelope glycoproteins (Env) that recognize cellular receptors. The membrane fusion between the effector cells expressing viral Env and the target cells expressing its receptors can be monitored by several methods.

The V4 and V5 Variable Loops of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Are Tolerant to Insertion of Green Fluorescent Protein and Are Useful Targets for Labeling.

The mature human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) comprises the non-covalently associated gp120 and gp41 subunits generated from the gp160 precursor. Recent structural analyses have provided quaternary structural models for gp120/gp41 trimers, including the variable loops (V1-V5) of gp120. In these models, the V3 loop is located under V1/V2 at the apical center of the Env trimer, and the V4 and V5 loops project outward from the trimeric protomers.

Co-expression of foreign proteins tethered to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein on the cell surface by introducing an intervening second membrane-spanning domain.

The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) mediates membrane fusion. To analyze the mechanism of HIV-1 Env-mediated membrane fusion, it is desirable to determine the expression level of Env on the cell surface. However, the quantification of Env by immunological staining is often hampered by the diversity of HIV-1 Env and limited availability of universal antibodies that recognize different Envs with equal efficiency.

The role of the PHP domain associated with DNA polymerase X from Thermus thermophilus HB8 in base excision repair.

Base excision repair (BER) is one of the most commonly used DNA repair pathways involved in genome stability. X-family DNA polymerases (PolXs) play critical roles in BER, especially in filling single-nucleotide gaps. In addition to a polymerase core domain, bacterial PolXs have a polymerase and histidinol phosphatase (PHP) domain with phosphoesterase activity which is also required for BER.

The structural basis of the kinetic mechanism of a gap-filling X-family DNA polymerase that binds Mg(2+)-dNTP before binding to DNA.

DNA with single-nucleotide (1-nt) gaps can arise during various DNA processing events. These lesions are repaired by X-family DNA polymerases (PolXs) with high gap-filling activity. Some PolXs can bind productively to dNTPs in the absence of DNA and fill these 1-nt gaps.

In vivo, in vitro, and x-ray crystallographic analyses suggest the involvement of an uncharacterized triose-phosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel protein in protection against oxidative stress.

Accumulating genome sequences have revealed the existence of a large number of conserved hypothetical proteins. Characterization of these proteins is considered essential in the elucidation of intracellular biological pathways. Our previous transcriptomic analysis suggested that, in Thermus thermophilus HB8, loss of an oxidized DNA-repairing activity leads to the up-regulation of a function-unknown gene, tthb071, which is conserved in a wide range of bacteria.

An additional C-terminal loop in endonuclease IV, an apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease, controls binding affinity to DNA.

Endonuclease IV (EndoIV) is an endonuclease that acts at apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites and is classified as either long-type or short-type. The crystal structures of representative types of EndoIV from Geobacillus kaustophilus and Thermus thermophilus HB8 were determined using X-ray crystallography. G.

Molecular mechanisms of the whole DNA repair system: a comparison of bacterial and eukaryotic systems.

DNA is subjected to many endogenous and exogenous damages. All organisms have developed a complex network of DNA repair mechanisms. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported: direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and recombination repair pathways.

Characterization of DNA polymerase X from Thermus thermophilus HB8 reveals the POLXc and PHP domains are both required for 3'-5' exonuclease activity.

The X-family DNA polymerases (PolXs) comprise a highly conserved DNA polymerase family found in all kingdoms. Mammalian PolXs are known to be involved in several DNA-processing pathways including repair, but the cellular functions of bacterial PolXs are less known. Many bacterial PolXs have a polymerase and histidinol phosphatase (PHP) domain at their C-termini in addition to a PolX core (POLXc) domain, and possess 3'-5' exonuclease activity.