Gut microbiota affect the formation of calcium oxalate renal calculi caused by high daily tea consumption.

Kidney stones are a common and frequently occurring disease worldwide. Stones can cause urinary tract obstruction, pain, haematuria, and other symptoms. In this study, the relationship between calcium oxalate renal calculi and gut microbiota was considered.

Protease immobilization on gamma-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for the synthesis of oligopeptides in organic solvents.

The use of nanobiocatalysts, with the combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology, is considered as an exciting and rapidly emerging area. The use of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, as enzyme immobilization carriers, has drawn great attention because of their unique properties, such as controllable particle size, large surface area, modifiable surface, and easy recovery. In this study, various gamma-Fe(2)O(3)/Fe(3)O(4) magnetic nanoparticles with immobilized proteases were successfully prepared by three different immobilization strategies including A) direct binding, B) with thiophene as a linker, and C) with triazole as a linker.