[Discovery of the neutrophil extracellular traps begins a new stage in the study of neutrophil morphogenesis and function].

The purpose of the present review was to analyze the accumulating evidence regarding recently discovered novel defense mechanism of neutrophils - capacity to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Contact with pathogenic microbes and/or exposure to proinflammatory cytokines trigger the respiratory burst in the neutrophils with a subsequent initiation of a cell death (NETosis) which differs from apoptosis and necrosis. NETs are formed by the fibrils of decondensed chromatin (DNA/ histones), released from the neutrophil, which is closely associated with the antimicrobial proteins of cytoplasmic granules.

[Using stromal stem cells for the periodontal tissue regeneration and their interaction with tissue microenvironment].

This review paper describes the evolution of the ideas of periodontal tissue regeneration, starting with the concept of selective cellular repopulation, stimulation of resident precursor cells in the regeneration focus, up to the application of versatile potential of the stromal stem cells (SSC). Effects of stem cells isolated from an embryo, bone marrow, and adipose tissue, are described, as well as the immunophenotype of freshly isolated SSC, that of precultured vascular cell fraction as compared with the immunophenotype of SSC cultured during various time periods. The results of the study of the processes of proliferation and cell differentiation of SSC transplanted into the deep periodontal defects, are analyzed using proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and green fluorescent protein.

[Molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of inflammatory-destructive diseases of the periodontium].

The paper gives new information on the molecular mechanisms of pathogen reception in the human organism. The leading role is ascribed to the toll-like receptors recognizing the molecular structures of pathogens for bringing into operation natural resistance reactions with activation of transcription factors. Transmembrane TLRs are expressed on macrophages, dendritic, epithelial and other cells, calling for transmission of a signal of the presence of some adapter proteins.

[Gap junctions--major structures promoting intercellular communication].

Gap junctions provide humoral and electric communication between the cells, thus contributing to their morpho-functional cooperation. Gap junction is formed by multiple intercellular channels, each of them being made by two closed hemichannels--connexons, that are oligomeric transmembrane proteins built by 6 subunits, belonging to connexin family. Permeability and electric conductivity of gap junction channels is determined by molecular peculiarities of connexins, their capacity for phosphorilation and by some extra- and intracellular factors.

[Perspectives of pharmacological correction of nitroxidergic vasorelaxation in subarachnoidal hemorrhage].

Subarachnoidal hemorrhage (SAH) causes cerebrovascular endothelial dysfunction that leads to impaired nitrosidergic vasorelaxation, delayed vasospasm, and cerebral ischemia. The purpose of the present review is to study the current potentialities of drug action on the system of generation of and the functional activity of nitric oxide (NO) in order to prevent and treat cerebral ischemic complications due to SAH. A scheme of the biosynthesis of NO and the mechanism of nitroxidergic vasorelaxation is presented.

[The role of leukocytic factors in the preparation for and induction of labor].

Preparation for labour and its induction are controlled by an integrative but not single process. The primary stimulus that comprises this integrative hormonal prostaglandin-leukocytic mechanism is a suppression of local progesterone action with further inhibition of perivascular prostaglandine dehydrogenase and sharp increase of E2 and F2 prostaglandine content in uteroplacentary mechanism bed. Vasodilatory effect of prostaglandines along with synergication of interleukine 8 leads to leukocyte emigration and formation of infiltrates consisting of neutrophilic granulocytes and certain number of macrophages and mast cells.

[Changes in the nitrite level of the blood in patients in the acute period of a subarachnoid hemorrhage of aneurysmatic etiology].

Subarachnoidal hemorrhage leads to impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation by inhibiting the synthesis of major vascular relaxation agent nitric oxide (NO). Nitrite, a closest product of the oxidation of NO, is responsible for the synthesis of the latter. The Griss reaction was used for daily measurement of blood nitrite levels in 32 patients with acute subarachnoidal hemorrhage of aneurysmal etiology.

[Adhesive intercellular interactions].

The process of intercellular interactions during morphogenesis, inflammation and malignant growth are considered from the point of view of possible intercellular contacts provided by cell adhesion molecules. The system analysis of different cell adhesion molecules classes? their structure and influence on functional cell activity is performed. Clinical importance of expression disturbances of cell adhesion molecules at various pathological processes is considered.

[Leukocyte chromatin anisotropy in patients with leptospirosis].

Chromatin anisotropy is measured and its correlation with the cytochemical activity of leukocytes estimated in 19 patients with icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. Leukocyte and neutrophil nuclei chromatin anisotropy increases during the acute period of leptospirosis, indicating an increase of cuchromatization and transcription activity. Neutrophil nuclei euchromatization is observed in patients with all forms of leptospirosis irrespective of the disease severity.

[Mediator aspects of the inflammatory process].

Signal sequences of inflammation and regeneration are presented. The number of factors such as sensor neuropeptides, lipid mediators, interleukins and factors of growth are shown to participate in the initiation and regulation of inflammation. These factors are produced in a certain sequence by various structures: cells-object of damage, opsonocytophagic and immune cells, connective tissue cells.

[Study of acid lability of DNA in patients with leptospirosis].

Measurements of DNA and study of chromatin status in blood cell nuclei help solve numerous basic problems of biology and medicine. Acid lability of DNA was assessed in 5 patients with grave icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. The distribution of fluorescence peaks on the curve of neutrophil DNA hydrolysis in patients with grave leptospirosis indicates that functionally low-active acid-resistant DNA fraction predominates in their chromatin.

[Prognostic significance of the NBT test in patients with ichterohaemorrhagic leptospirosis].

The values of spontaneous NBT test significantly rise at the peak of leptospirosis in patients with an uncomplicated course of the disease (p < 0.05). Low values of the spontaneous NBT test with stimulation with Staphylococcus in patients with grave leptospirosis predict the development of life-threatening complications.

[Clinical and immunologic characteristics of various forms of acute peritonitis].

The condition of the cellular link of the immune system was studied in 30 patients with various forms of acute peritonitis. It was found that the reaction of the immune system in peritonitis is characterized by a phase property and is manifested by processes of redistribution and activation of the immunocompetent cells and normalization of reactivity. The ratio of these phases is determined by the severity of inflammation and intoxication.

[Neurons of the medulla oblongata and hypothalamus projecting on the sympathetic neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord].

Connections of the neurons of the spinal cord ventral horn with the structures, situating above have been investigated. After injection of uranyl acetate into the TIII segment of the spinal cord, labelled neurons are found in various reticular nuclei of the medulla oblongata. At the level of the roots of the XII pair of the cranial nerves they are revealed in the reticular paramedian, ventral, parvocellular and lateral nuclei.

[The cytochemical characteristics of neutrophilic leukocytes in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the course of treatment].

The authors studied the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase (AP), myeloperoxidase (MP), the level of cationic protein (CP), spontaneous and pyrogenal-induced tests of restoration of nitroblue of tetrazolium (HCT-test) in the blood and synovial fluid (SF) neutrophils in 116 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the dynamics of a 3-4-week and subsequent 6-month therapy with chrysanol, salazopyridazine and delagil. In the active phase all the patients exhibited an abrupt increase in the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase in blood neutrophils, a drop in the level of CP (in 69%), a rise in the activity of MP (in 32%); pyrogenal did not induce any capacity for restoring HCT (in 44%). Indices of alkaline and acid phosphatase in blood and SF neutrophils and also of the induced TCT-test in blood neutrophils correlated with the degree of RA activity.

[The diagnostic information value of determining the cytochemical properties of the neutrophils from the blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthrosis deformans].

Alkaline phosphatase (AP), acid phosphatase and myeloperoxidase (MP) activity and the level of cation protein (CP) in blood and synovial fluid (SF) neutrophils were studied and compared in 54 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in 22 patients suffering from primary osteoarthrosis deformans (OAD) combined with reactive synovitis. As compared to the patients with OAD, the patients with RA manifested a significant rise of AP, acid phosphatase and MP activity together with a decrease of the level of CP in blood neutrophils. Meanwhile in SF neutrophils from the patients with RA, all the parameters appeared higher than in OAD and were lower that in blood neutrophils in both the groups.

[Spontaneous and stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium reduction tests in tuberculosis of the lungs].

Cytochemical analysis of spontaneous and stimulated Nitro BT test values in 85 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and in 24 ones with pneumonia has shown a significant increase of spontaneous Nitro BT test activity with the maximal values at the peak of the disease and an essential reduction of these values during remission. Stimulation with BCG vaccine results in a still more significant elevation of these parameters, depending on the depth of the involvement. Spontaneous and stimulated Nitro BT tests in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumonia appears to be a promising differential diagnostic test and a means for monitoring the therapy efficacy and for detection of secondary defects of phagocytosis system.

[Catecholamine-containing sympathetic spinal neurons innervating the feline heart].

The present study determined that a population "nonclassical" sympathetic neurons in cats spinal cord contains catecholamines. They are localized in the central, dorsomedial, and lateral regions of the ventral horn of T1-T5 segments of the spinal cord. Electrophysiological study indicated that axonal conduction velocity is 7.