Urinary tract infection among people living with human immunodeficiency virus attending selected hospitals in Addis Ababa and Adama, central Ethiopia.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and antibacterial resistance (ABR) are important public health problems, but they are not well-studied among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) globally, especially in low-income countries. Therefore, it is important to regularly measure the extent of UTIs and ABR in the most susceptible populations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of UTIs, associated factors, bacterial causal agents, and their antibiotic susceptibility profile among PLHIV in central Ethiopia.

Efficacy of sample collection without virus transport medium in suspected enteroviral infections for molecular diagnosis.

Clinical swabs with suspected viral infection are usually transported in virus transport medium (VMT). During epidemics/pandemics, tampons without VTM would be more suitable for saving space and cost. This study was conducted to verify the applicability of throat swabs without VTM in the diagnosis/screening of enteroviral infections by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a volunteer study group.

Surveillance Program of Clinical Samples for Polio and Non-Polio Enteroviruses in the Slovak Republic during the 1958-2020 Period.

Enteroviruses (EVs) are associated with a wide spectrum of diseases involving various organs. Our aim was to give a historical overview of the genesis of clinical sample processing for EVs in the Slovak Republic (SR) during the 1958-2020 period, within the framework of the World Health Organization (WHO) polio program. Further, analyses were made of the data obtained from the archives of processed clinical sample surveillance using statistical methods.

History of the Wastewater Assessment of Polio and Non-Polio Enteroviruses in the Slovak Republic in 1963-2019.

We describe the genesis of poliovirus (PV) and non-polio enterovirus (NPEV) surveillance program of sewage wastewaters from its inception to the present in the Slovak Republic (SR). Sampling procedures and evolution of the methodology used in the SR for the detection of PVs and NPEVs are presented chronologically. For statistical data processing, we divided our dataset into two periods, the first period from 1963 to 1998 (35 years), and the second period from 1999 to 2019 (21 years).

Primary Site of Coxsackievirus B Replication in the Small Intestines: No Proof of Peyer's Patches Involvement.

Background: Enterovirus (EV) infections are associated with a broad range of diseases. Since the first experimental infection of primates with poliovirus (PV), tonsils and the Peyer's patches (PPs) have been believed to be the primary replication sites of EVs. Our aim was to localize different viral markers in the small intestines (SI) of coxsackievirus B (CVB) orally and intraperitoneally (i.

Coxsackievirus B4 sewage-isolate induces pancreatitis after oral infection of mice.

Numerous serotypes which belong to the genus Enterovirus (EV) show variability in their virulence and clinical manifestations. They are also known to undergo changes caused by mutations and recombination during their circulation in the environment and the population. Various EV serotypes are prevalent in groundwater, wastewater and surface waters.

Pancreas of coxsackievirus-infected dams and their challenged pups: A complex issue.

Enteroviral infections are frequent, often asymptomatic in humans and during gravidity. The present study is an extension of our previous investigations where we had shown pancreatitis in challenged pups of CVB4-E2-infected dams. Present investigation describes the effect of gestational infection with this virus on the pancreas of both dams and their challenged pups.

Assessment of a swab collection method without virus transport medium for PCR diagnosis of coxsackievirus infections.

Classically, detection of human enterovirus (EV) infections is based on virus isolation in tissue culture, proper sample collection and handling that optimizes virus viability. Samples are collected in virus transport medium (VTM) to ensure virus stability. High sensitivity and rapid results have made polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis increasingly popular for routine diagnosis.

Should Enteroviruses Be Monitored in Natural Recreational Waters?

Enteroviruses (EVs) infections occur worldwide. Although, infections by these viruses are often asymptomatic and go unnoticed, they can be shed in stool for several weeks. The EVs are associated with sporadic outbreaks and a wide range of clinical symptoms, occasionally accompanied with fatal consequences.

Biological activity of sophorolipids and their possible use as antiviral agents.

Sophorolipids are surface active glycolipids consisting of a hydrophilic sophorose unit and a hydrophobic portion composed of a fatty acid tail. Crude sophorolipid sample contains both acidic and lactonic forms of sophorolipid with different degrees of acetylation and varying lengths of the fatty acid chains depending on the substrates used in the production process. Carboxylic end in the acidic form of the fatty acid is free, whereas in the lactonic form, it is internally esterified.

Type I diabetes mellitus: genetic factors and presumptive enteroviral etiology or protection.

We review type 1 diabetes and host genetic components, as well as epigenetics and viruses associated with type 1 diabetes, with added emphasis on the enteroviruses, which are often associated with triggering the disease. Genus Enterovirus is classified into twelve species of which seven (Enterovirus A, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus C, and Enterovirus D and Rhinovirus A, Rhinovirus B, and Rhinovirus C) are human pathogens. These viruses are transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route; they may also spread via the nasopharyngeal route.

Pathophysiology of the pancreas after oral infection of genetically diverse mice with coxsackievirus B4-E2.

Coxsackievirus B4 strain E2 (CVB4-E2) and its association with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have been studied in experimental in vitro and in vivo murine models. CVB4-E2, known to be pancreotropic and diabetogenic in nature, is associated with acute pancreatitis in mice but shows differences in the induction of glycemia after intraperitoneal (i.p.

Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) is not associated with presence of viral genomes in the amniotic fluid.

Background: The role of viral infections in preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes (PPROM) is not established. Studies on the presence of viral genomes in the amniotic fluid (AF) collected in pregnancies complicated by PPROM show contradictory outcomes.

Objectives: To investigate AF samples of PPROM pregnancies for the presence of viral genomes.

Outcome of challenge with Coxsackievirus B4 in young mice after maternal infection with the same virus during gestation.

Enteroviral infections go usually unnoticed, even during pregnancy, yet some case histories and mouse experiments indicate that these viruses may be transmitted vertically. More frequently, however, transmission occurs by (fecal) contamination during and shortly after birth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal infection in mice (1) on gravidity outcome and (2) on subsequent challenge of the offspring with the same virus.

A single coxsackievirus B2 capsid residue controls cytolysis and apoptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma cells.

Coxsackievirus B2 (CVB2), one of six human pathogens of the group B coxsackieviruses within the enterovirus genus of Picornaviridae, causes a wide spectrum of human diseases ranging from mild upper respiratory illnesses to myocarditis and meningitis. The CVB2 prototype strain Ohio-1 (CVB2O) was originally isolated from a patient with summer grippe in the 1950s. Later on, CVB2O was adapted to cytolytic replication in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells.

Coxsackie B virus infection of mice: inoculation by the oral route protects the pancreas from damage, but not from infection.

The pathogenesis of coxsackie B virus (CVB) infections is generally studied in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, whereas the gastrointestinal tract is the natural porte d'entrée in humans.

Coxsackievirus B3 infection and type 1 diabetes development in NOD mice: insulitis determines susceptibility of pancreatic islets to virus infection.

Group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) are believed to trigger some cases of human type 1 diabetes (T1D), although the mechanism by which this may occur has not been shown. We demonstrated previously that inoculation of young nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice with any of several different CVB strains reduced T1D incidence. We also observed no evidence of CVB replication within islets of young NOD mice, suggesting no role for CVB in T1D induction in the NOD mouse model.