A subclass of evening cells promotes the switch from arousal to sleep at dusk.

Animals exhibit rhythmic patterns of behavior that are shaped by an internal circadian clock and the external environment. Although light intensity varies across the day, there are particularly robust differences at twilight (dawn/dusk). These periods are also associated with major changes in behavioral states, such as the transition from arousal to sleep.

Hotspot driven air pollution during crop residue burning season in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, India.

Intensive crop residue burning (CRB) in northern India triggers severe air pollution episodes over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) each year during October and November. We have quantified the contribution of hotspot districts (HSDs) and total CRB to poor air quality over the IGP. Initially, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of CRB fire within the domain and pinpointed five HSD in each Punjab and Haryana.

Source apportionment of fine aerosol particles of water-soluble and carbonaceous species measured in semi-urban (Kharagpur) and megacity (Kolkata) atmospheres over the eastern Indo-Gangetic plain: Chemical characterisation, relative abundance and anthropogenic contributions.

We conducted the source apportionment of fine aerosol particles (aerodynamic diameter ≤1.6μm) collected with the indigenously designed-fabricated submicron aerosol sampler (SAS) in the eastern Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) semi-urban (Kharagpur, KGP) and megacity (Kolkata, KOL) atmospheres, examining the chemical characteristics at KGP (January 2015-February 2016), and accentuating their abundance and the sources of anthropogenic pollution relative to KOL. The fine water-soluble inorganic ions (WSII) at KGP predominantly constituted Ca (52 %) and equivalent amounts (12 % each) of Cl, Mg and secondary inorganic aerosols (sum of SO, NO and NH).

A subclass of evening cells promotes the switch from arousal to sleep at dusk.

Animals exhibit rhythmic patterns of behavior that are shaped by an internal circadian clock and the external environment. While light intensity varies across the day, there are particularly robust differences at twilight (dawn/dusk). These periods are also associated with major changes in behavioral states, such as the transition from arousal to sleep.

Black carbon health impacts in the Indo-Gangetic plain: Exposures, risks, and mitigation.

A large discrepancy between simulated and observed black carbon (BC) surface concentrations over the densely populated Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) has so far limited our ability to assess the magnitude of BC health impacts in terms of population exposure, morbidity, and mortality. We evaluate these impacts using an integrated modeling framework, including successfully predicted BC concentrations. Population exposure to BC is notable, with more than 60 million people identified as living in hotspots of BC concentration (wintertime mean, >20 μg m).

Silver linings in the dark clouds of COVID-19: Improvement of air quality over India and Delhi metropolitan area from measurements and WRF-CHIMERE model simulations.

The current study examines the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown (25th March until May 17, 2020) period in particulate matter (PM) concentrations and air pollutants (NO, SO, CO, NH, and O) at 63 stations located at Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana states within the Delhi-NCR, India. Large average reductions are recorded between the stations in each state such as PM (-46 to -58%), PM (-49 to -55%), NO (-27 to -58%), NO (-54% to -59%), CO (-4 to -44%), NH (-2 to -38%), while a slight increase is observed for O (+4 to +6%) during the lockdown period compared to same periods in previous years. Furthermore, PM and air pollutants are significantly reduced during lockdown compared to the respective period in previous years, while a significant increase in pollution levels is observed after the re-opening of economy.

Discerning the pre-monsoon urban atmosphere aerosol characteristic and its potential source type remotely sensed by AERONET over the Bengal Gangetic plain.

In the present study, we evaluated the pre-monsoon urban atmosphere (UA) aerosol characteristics remotely sensed by Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) over the Bengal Gangetic plain (BGP) at Kolkata (KOL) and their implication in potential source types and spatiotemporal features. About 70% of the AERONET-sensed aerosol optical depth at 0.50 μ m, AOD (Angstrom exponent, α at 0.