LsFUL-LsSMU2 module positively controls bolting time in leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under high temperature.

High temperature (HT) is an environmental factor that considerably affects plant physiology, development, crop yield, and economic value. HT can cause diseases and early bolting of leaf lettuce, thereby reducing the yield and quality of leaf lettuce. Herein, we used two leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.

GA signaling protein LsRGL1 interacts with the abscisic acid signaling-related gene to affect the bolting of leaf lettuce.

A variety of endogenous hormone signals, developmental cues, and environmental stressors can trigger and promote leaf lettuce bolting. One such factor is gibberellin (GA), which has been linked to bolting. However, the signaling pathways and the mechanisms that regulate the process have not been discussed in full detail.

Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Revealed That Exogenous Spermidine-Modulated Flavone Enhances the Heat Tolerance of Lettuce.

Lettuce is sensitive to high temperature, and exogenous spermidine can improve heat tolerance in lettuce, but its intrinsic mechanism is still unclear. We analyzed the effects of exogenous spermidine on the leaf physiological metabolism, transcriptome and metabolome of lettuce seedlings under high-temperature stress using the heat-sensitive lettuce variety 'Beisansheng No. 3' as the material.

Effects of selenate and selenite on selenium accumulation and speciation in lettuce.

Lettuce is a common vegetable in hydroponic production. In this paper, a selenium (Se)-biofortification method was provided. The Se content, speciation, and the effects of different concentrations of selenate and selenite on lettuce growth and amino acids were investigated.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of MAPK Gene Family in Lettuce ( L.) and Functional Analysis of in High- Temperature-Induced Bolting.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a widely distributed signaling cascade in eukaryotes and is involved in regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. High temperature, a frequently occurring environmental stressor, causes premature bolting in lettuce with quality decline and yield loss. However, whether MAPKs play roles in thermally induced bolting remains poorly understood.

Molecular basis of high temperature-induced bolting in lettuce revealed by multi-omics analysis.

Background: High temperature induces early bolting in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), which affects both quality and production. However, the molecular mechanism underlying high temperature-induced bolting is still limited.

Regulates Bolting in Leaf Lettuce ( L.) Under High-Temperature Stress.

High temperature is one of the primary environmental stress factors affecting the bolting of leaf lettuce. To determine the potential role of melatonin in regulating high-temperature induced bolting in leaf lettuce ( L.), we conducted melatonin treatment of the bolting-sensitive cultivar "S39.

Role of Spermidine in Photosynthesis and Polyamine Metabolism in Lettuce Seedlings under High-Temperature Stress.

High temperature is a huge threat to lettuce production in the world, and spermidine (Spd) has been shown to improve heat tolerance in lettuce, but the action mechanism of Spd and the role of polyamine metabolism are still unclear. The effects of Spd and D-arginine (D-arg) on hydroponic lettuce seedlings under high-temperature stress by foliar spraying of Spd and D-arg were investigated. The results showed that high-temperature stress significantly inhibited the growth of lettuce seedlings, with a 33% decrease in total fresh weight and total dry weight; photosynthesis of lettuce seedlings was inhibited by high-temperature stress, and the inhibition was greater in the D-arg treatment, while the Spd recovery treatment increased net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal limit value (Ls), and intercellular CO concentration (Ci).

Application of exogenous auxin and gibberellin regulates the bolting of lettuce ( L.).

Plant bolting is regulated and controlled by various internal and external factors. We aimed to provide an improved method for breeding to determine whether there is a synergism between hormones and to explore the regulatory effect of plant hormones on the bolting of leaf lettuce. Lettuce plants were sprayed with exogenous auxin and gibberellin separately or in combination.

Quantitative proteomic analyses reveal that energy metabolism and protein biosynthesis reinitiation are responsible for the initiation of bolting induced by high temperature in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).

Background: Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), one of the most economically important leaf vegetables, exhibits early bolting under high-temperature conditions. Early bolting leads to loss of commodity value and edibility, leading to considerable loss and waste of resources.

Vintage analysis of Chinese Baijiu by GC and H NMR combined with multivariable analysis.

Economical-driven counterfeit and inferior aged Chinese Baijiu has caused serious concern of publicity in China. In this study, a total of 167 authentic Chinese Baijiu samples with different vintages including 3 flavor types were carefully collected. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to determine main volatile components and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H NMR) spectroscopy was employed to obtain non-targeted fingerprints of Chinese Baijiu samples.

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) analysis shows involvement of the LsSTPK gene in lettuce (L.) in high temperature-induced bolting.

To determine the effect of the serine/threonine protein kinase (STPK) gene on leaf lettuce bolting, we utilized virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) using the TRV vector to silence the target gene. The 'GB30' leaf lettuce cultivar was the test material, and the methods included gene cloning, bioinformatics analysis, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and VIGS. LsSTPK, was cloned from the 'GB30' leaf lettuce cultivar via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Phosphoproteomic analysis of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) reveals starch and sucrose metabolism functions during bolting induced by high temperature.

High temperatures induce early bolting in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), which decreases both quality and production. However, knowledge of the molecular mechanism underlying high temperature promotes premature bolting is lacking.

Effects of exogenous spermidine on antioxidants and glyoxalase system of lettuce seedlings under high temperature.

In this research, the lettuce high-temperature-sensitive variety Beisan San 3 was used as a test material. The effects of exogenous spermidine (Spd) on membrane lipid peroxidation, the antioxidant system, the ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) system and the glyoxalase (Glo) system in lettuce seedlings under high-temperature stress were studied by spraying either 1 mM spermidine or ionized water as a control. The results showed that, under high-temperature stress, the growth of lettuce seedlings was weak, and the dry weight (DW) and fresh weight (FW) were reduced by 68.

LsHSP70 is induced by high temperature to interact with calmodulin, leading to higher bolting resistance in lettuce.

High temperatures have significant impacts on heat-tolerant bolting in lettuce. In this study, it was found that high temperatures could facilitate the accumulation of GA in lettuce to induce bolting, with higher expression levels of two heat shock protein genes LsHsp70-3701 and LsHsp70-2711. By applying VIGS technology, these two Hsp70 genes were incompletely silenced and plant morphological changes under heat treatment of silenced plants were observed.

Correction: Transcriptomic analysis reveals the roles of gibberellin-regulated genes and transcription factors in regulating bolting in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

SoHSC70 positively regulates thermotolerance by alleviating cell membrane damage, reducing ROS accumulation, and improving activities of antioxidant enzymes.

High temperature is a major environmental factor affecting plant growth. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are molecular chaperones that play important roles in improving plant thermotolerance during heat stress. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is very sensitive to high temperature; however, the specific function of Hsps in spinach is unclear.

Characterization of Non-heading Mutation in Heading Chinese Cabbage ( L. ssp. ).

Heading is a key agronomic trait of Chinese cabbage. A non-heading mutant with flat growth of heading leaves () was isolated from an EMS-induced mutant population of the heading Chinese cabbage inbred line A03. In mutant plants, the heading leaves are flat similar to rosette leaves.

Assessing the performance of different irrigation systems on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in the greenhouse.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a very important leafy vegetable in China and is commonly grown using furrow irrigation. In order to improve production efficiency, greenhouse experiments were conducted at Experimental Station, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China using furrow irrigation (FI), micro-sprinkler irrigation (MS), plastic film mulching irrigation (PF) and a combined plastic film mulching-micro-sprinkler irrigation system (PF+MS) to study their effects on soil physical characteristics, water distribution, root morpho-physiological traits, nutrition absorption, lettuce yield and water use efficiency for a spring crop and autumn crop in 2015 (Fig 1).

Genome-wide analysis of MADS-box family genes during flower development in lettuce.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an important leafy vegetable consumed worldwide. Heat-induced bolting and flowering greatly limit lettuce production during the summer.

Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Lettuce ( L.) Reveals Molecular Basis-Associated Auxin and Photosynthesis with Bolting Induced by High Temperature.

Bolting is a key process in the growth and development of lettuce ( L.). A high temperature can induce early bolting, which decreases both the quality and production of lettuce.

Elemental profile and oxygen isotope ratio (δO) for verifying the geographical origin of Chinese wines.

The elemental profile and oxygen isotope ratio (δO) of 188 wine samples collected from the Changji, Mile, and Changli regions in China were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), respectively. By combining the data of δO and the concentration data of 52 elements, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was firstly applied to obtain the important descriptors for the discrimination of the three geographical origins. Ca, Al, Mg, B, Fe, K, Rb, Mn, Na, P, Co, Ga, As, Sr, and δO were identified as the key explanatory factors.