Microcrystalline cellulose grafted hyperbranched polyester with roll comb structure for synergistic toughening and strengthening of microbial PHBV/bio-based polyester elastomer composites.

The brittle feature of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is the major challenge that strongly restricts its application at present. Successfully synthesized bio-based engineering polyester elastomers (BEPE) were combined with PHBV to create entirely bio-composites with the intention of toughening PHBV. Herein, the 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-propionic acid (DMPA) was grafted onto microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and then further transformed into hyperbranched polyester structure via polycondensation.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of morpholinium ionic liquids: impact of a long alkyl side substituent on the cation-anion interactions.

In this study, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to analyse nine morpholinium ionic liquids, which are of great interest in green chemistry because of their low toxicity and high recyclability. The effect of the alkyl chain length on the aliphatic C 1s binding energy and the impact of the anion basicity on the cationic N 1s and O 1s binding energies are investigated. It is concluded that by changing the basicity of the anion, there is a more notable change in the electronic environment of the oxygen centre.

[Association of MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism with problem behavior and inheritance pattern among children with autism].

Objective: To assess the association of C677T polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene with autistic behavior and inheritance pattern of children patients.

Methods: Ninety three autism patients were selected as the study group, whilst 93 healthy children were selected as the control group. The C677T genotype of the MTHFR gene was determined, and the correlation between the genotype and the autistic behavior and inheritance pattern were investigated.

Probing the impact of the N3-substituted alkyl chain on the electronic environment of the cation and the anion for 1,3-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids.

In this study, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to probe the impact of the N3-substituted alkyl group on the electronic environment of the cation and the anion by comparing two types of imidazolium cations, 1-alkyl-3-butylimidazolium and 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium. Due to the more intense inductive effect changing from methyl to butyl, the electronic environment of the cationic nitrogen can be significantly affected, which is reflected in a shift of N 1s binding energy. The magnitude of the binding energy shift is found to be more pronounced in the case of the less basic anion and inversely proportional to the basicity of the anion.

Tuning the Cation-Anion Interactions by Methylation of the Pyridinium Cation: An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Picolinium Ionic Liquids.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to investigate the impact of methylation on the electronic environment of pyridinium cations. Because of the electron-donating effect of the methyl group, there is a significant increase in electron density on the cationic nitrogen. The shift of the N 1s binding energy is inversely proportional to the anion basicity.

Ionic Liquid-Directed Nanoporous TiNb O Anodes with Superior Performance for Fast-Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Nanoporous TiNb O (NPTNO) material is synthesized by a sol-gel method with an ionic liquid (IL) as the nanoporous structure directing template. NPTNO exhibits a high reversible capacity of 210 mAh g even at the charging rate of 50 C and an excellent cyclability of half-cell capacity retention of 74% for 1000 cycles at 5 C and LiNi Mn O -coupled full-cell capacity retentions of 81% and 87% for 1000 cycles at 1 C and 2 C, respectively. The studies of the 1000 cycled NPTNO electrode illustrate that the IL-directed mesoporous structure can enhance the cyclability of NPTNO cells due to the alleviation of repetitive mechanical stress and volume fluctuation induced by the repetitive Li insertion-extraction processes.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of piperidinium ionic liquids: a comparison to the charge delocalised pyridinium analogues.

In this study, nine piperidinium-based ionic liquids are analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of alkyl substituent length and the nature of the anion on the electronic environment of the cation are investigated. The electronic environment of the hetero carbon and the cationic nitrogen is compared between two structurally similar cations, 1-octyl-1-methylpiperidinium ([C8C1Pip]+) versus 1-octylpyridinium ([C8Py]+).

Highly Porous NiCoSe Microspheres as High-Performance Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Binary transition metal selenides have been more promising than single transition metal selenides as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the controlled synthesis of transition metal selenides, especially those derived from metal-organic-frameworks with well-controlled structure and morphology is still challenging. In this paper, highly porous NiCoSe @NC composite microspheres were synthesized by simultaneous carbonization and selenization of a Ni-Co-based metal-organic framework (NiCo-MOF) and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transition electron microscopy, X-Ray diffraction, X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques.

The impact of cation acidity and alkyl substituents on the cation-anion interactions of 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ionic liquids.

In this study, eight 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ionic liquids are analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of both the anion and the cation on the electronic environment of cationic nitrogen regions is explored. It concludes that the cationic N 1s binding energy shifts to the lower value when the basicity of the anion increases or the acidity of the cation decreases.

CoSe Nanoparticles Encapsulated by N-Doped Carbon Framework Intertwined with Carbon Nanotubes: High-Performance Dual-Role Anode Materials for Both Li- and Na-Ion Batteries.

It is of fundamental and technological significance to develop dual-role anode materials for both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with high performance. Here, a composite material based on CoSe nanoparticles encapsulated in N-doped carbon framework intertwined with carbon nanotubes (CoSe@N-CF/CNTs) is prepared successfully from cobalt-based zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67). As anode materials for LIBs, CoSe@N-CF/CNTs composites deliver a reversible capacity of 428 mAh g even after 500 cycles at a current density of 1 A g with almost 100% Coulombic efficiency.

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids: Comparison to Imidazolium- and Pyrrolidinium-Based Analogues.

We investigate eight 1-alkylpyridinium-based ionic liquids of the form [Cn Py][A] by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electronic environment of each element of the ionic liquids is analyzed. In particular, a reliable fitting model is developed for the C 1s region that applies to each of the ionic liquids.

Chlorostannate(II) ionic liquids: speciation, Lewis acidity, and oxidative stability.

The anionic speciation of chlorostannate(II) ionic liquids, prepared by mixing 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and tin(II) chloride in various molar ratios, χ(SnCl2), was investigated in both solid and liquid states. The room temperature ionic liquids were investigated by (119)Sn NMR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and viscometry. Crystalline samples were studied using Raman spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and differential scanning calorimetry.

Does the influence of substituents impact upon the surface composition of pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids? An angle resolved XPS study.

The surface chemistry of a series of four pyrrolidinium based ionic liquids, [C(n)C(1)Pyrr][Tf(2)N] where n = 4-10, is investigated by angle resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). The importance of sample purity is demonstrated and the stability of the ionic liquids under X-ray irradiation investigated. It is apparent that the surface chemistry and orientation is broadly analogous to that of similar imidazolium-based systems.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids: cation-anion interactions and a comparison to imidazolium-based analogues.

We investigate seven 1-alkyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids, [C(n)C(1)Pyrr][X], using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electronic environment for each element is analysed and a robust fitting model is developed for the C 1s region that applies to each of the ionic liquids studied. This model allows accurate charge correction and the determination of reliable and reproducible binding energies for each ionic liquid studied.

On the diffusion of ferrocenemethanol in room-temperature ionic liquids: an electrochemical study.

The electrochemical behaviour of ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) has been studied in a range of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperomery and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The diffusion coefficient of FcMeOH, measured using chronoamperometry, decreased with increasing RTIL viscosity. Analysis of the mass transport properties of the RTILs revealed that the Stokes-Einstein equation did not apply to our data.

An ultra high vacuum-spectroelectrochemical study of the dissolution of copper in the ionic liquid (N-methylacetate)-4-picolinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.

Ultra high vacuum-spectroelectrochemistry was used to investigate the electrochemically generated Cu species in the ionic liquid (N-methylacetate)-4-picolinium bis(trisfluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [MAP][Tf(2)N]. The diffusion of Cu(+) across the surface of the ionic liquid was monitored in situ by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A numerical procedure was developed to simulate the surface process from which, the apparent diffusion coefficient of Cu(+) across the surface is estimated to be 3.