Investigation of single and multidomain Pb(In(0.5)Nb(0.5))O(3)-Pb(Mg(1∕3)Nb(2∕3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) crystals with mm2 symmetry.

The piezoelectric properties of Pb(In(0.5)Nb(0.5))O(3)-Pb(Mg(1∕3)Nb(2∕3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) crystals with various engineered domain configurations were investigated.

Relaxor-PT single crystals: observations and developments.

Relaxor-PT based ferroelectric single crystals Pb(Zn₁/₃)Nb(₂/₃)O₃-PbTiO₃ (PZNT) and Pb(Mg₁/₃)Nb(₂/₃)O₃-PbTiO₃ (PMNT) offer high performance with ultra-high electromechanical coupling factors k₃₃ > 0.9 and piezoelectric coefficients d₃₃s > 1500 pC/N. However, the usage temperature range of these perovskite single crystals is limited by T(RT)-the rhombohedral to tetragonal phase transition temperature, which occurs at significantly lower temperatures than the Curie temperature T(C), a consequence of curved morphotropic phase boundaries (MPBs).

Composition and phase dependence of the intrinsic and extrinsic piezoelectric activity of domain engineered (1-x)Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-xPbTiO(3) crystals.

The piezoelectric response of [001] poled domain engineered (1-x)Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-xPbTiO(3) (PMN-PT) crystals was investigated as a function of composition and phase using Rayleigh analysis. The results revealed that the intrinsic (reversible) contribution plays a dominant role in the high piezoelectric activity for PMN-PT crystals. The intrinsic piezoelectric response of the monoclinic (M(C)) PMN-xPT crystals, 0.

Elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric constants of Pb(In(12)Nb(12))O(3)-Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-PbTiO(3) single crystal poled along [011](c).

Ternary single crystals xPb(In(12)Nb(12))O(3)-(1-x-y)Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-yPbTiO(3) (PIN-PMN-PT) poled along [011](c) showed remarkable electromechanical properties. We report complete sets of elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric constants of PIN-PMN-28%PT and PIN-PMN-32%PT, measured by using combined resonance and ultrasonic methods. The electromechanical coupling coefficients k(15), k(32), and k(33) can reach 0.

Erratum: "A complete set of material properties of single domain 0.26Pb(In(12)Nb(12))O(3)-0.46Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-0.28PbTiO(3) single crystals" [Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 012907 (2010)].

[This corrects the article on p. 012907 in vol. 96.

Polarization Fatigue in Pb(In(0.5)Nb(0.5))O(3)-Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) Single Crystals.

Electric fatigue tests have been conducted on pure and manganese modified Pb(In(0.5)Nb(0.5))O(3)-Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystals along different crystallographic directions.

Scaling effects of relaxor-PbTiO(3) crystals and composites for high frequency ultrasound.

The dielectric and piezoelectric properties of Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PMN-PT) and Pb(In(12)Nb(12))O(3)-Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PIN-PMN-PT) ferroelectric single crystals were investigated as a function of thicknessscale in monolithic and piezoelectricpolymer 1-3 composites. For the case of PMN-PT single crystals, the dielectric (epsilon33Tepsilon0) and electromechanical properties (k(33)) were found to significantly decrease with decreasing thickness (500-40 mum), while minimal thickness dependency was observed for PIN-PMN-PT single crystals. Temperature dependent dielectric behavior of the crystals suggested that the observed thickness dependence in PMN-PT was strongly related to their relatively large domain size (>10-20 mum).

Advanced landfill leachate treatment using a two-stage UASB-SBR system at low temperature.

A two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system was introduced to treat landfill leachate for advanced removal of COD and nitrogen at low temperature. In order to improve the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency and to reduce the COD requirement for denitrification, the raw leachate with recycled SBR nitrification supernatant was pumped into the first-stage UASB (UASB1) to achieve simultaneous denitrification and methanogenesis. The results showed that UASB1 played an important role in COD removal and UASB2 and SBR further enhanced the nutrient removal efficiency.

Functional genomics of physiological plasticity and local adaptation in killifish.

Evolutionary solutions to the physiological challenges of life in highly variable habitats can span the continuum from evolution of a cosmopolitan plastic phenotype to the evolution of locally adapted phenotypes. Killifish (Fundulus sp.) have evolved both highly plastic and locally adapted phenotypes within different selective contexts, providing a comparative system in which to explore the genomic underpinnings of physiological plasticity and adaptive variation.

Piezoelectric activity of relaxor-PbTiO(3) based single crystals and polycrystalline ceramics at cryogenic temperatures: Intrinsic and extrinsic contributions.

The piezoelectric activity in [001] poled Pb(In(12)Nb(12))O(3)-Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-PbTiO(3) crystals was investigated as a function of composition and temperature. The level of intrinsic andor extrinsic contribution to the total piezoelectric activity was analyzed using Rayleigh method. The results revealed that though 95% of the observed piezoelectric activity in rhombohedral crystals was intrinsic (lattice), the properties decreased significantly with decreasing temperature.

[Development and usage of the convenient moxa cone maker].

Moxibustion therapy is a non-invasive and natural therapy that is accepted by modern society with advantages of effectiveness and low-cost. However, the traditional process of producing hand-made moxa cone is time consuming, complicated, inefficient and difficult for mass production. Consequently, it hardly meets the clinical demands.

[Research on the organic biodegradability of secondary effluent treated by ozonation].

The secondary effluent of three WWTPs was treated by ozonation to investigate organic biodegradability enhancement. The bulk experimental method was used. Ozone adding dosage was controlled to be 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mg/L by adjusting the adding time.

Electromechanical properties of tetragonal Pb(In(12)Nb(12))O(3)-Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-PbTiO(3) ferroelectric crystals.

The ferroelectric, dielectric, elastic, piezoelectric, and electromechanical properties of tetragonal Pb(In(12)Nb(12))O(3)-Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PIN-PMN-PT) crystals were investigated. The single domain piezoelectric coefficients d(33), d(15), and d(31) were found to be 530, 2350, and -200 pCN, respectively, with electromechanical coupling factors k(33), k(15), and k(31) being on the order of 0.84, 0.

Differential expression of proteomics models of colorectal cancer, colorectal benign disease and healthy controls.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is often diagnosed at a late stage with concomitant poor prognosis. The hypersensitive analytical technique of proteomics can detect molecular changes before the tumor is palpable. The surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectra (SELDI-TOF-MS) is a newly-developed technique of evaluating protein separation in recent years.

[Advanced nitrogen removal via nitrite from landfill leachate with high nitrogen concentration and kinetics of denitritation].

The treatment of real leachate from municipal landfill with high ammonia nitrogen (NH4(+) -N) content was investigated by using lab-scale first-stage up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB)-SBR biological system. The denitritation kinetics characteristics of microbial population in the SBR reactor was also studied. Experimental results clearly showed that the average organic loading rate of UASB reactor reached 6.

Electric field dependence of nonlinearity parameters and third order elastic constants of 0.70Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-0.30PbTiO(3) single crystal.

Through second harmonic measurements, the ultrasonic nonlinearity parameters of [001](c) and [111](c) polarized 0.70Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-0.30PbTiO(3)(PMN-0.

[Nitrite accumulation during the denitration process in SBR at low temperature].

Nitrite accumulation during the denitration process with SBR treating pre-treated by anoxic/anaerobic up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) was observed at low temperatures. The effects of types of carbon sources on nitrite accumulation were investigated for comprehensive understanding the mechanism of nitrite accumulation. Experimental results clearly showed that nitrite accumulated obviously when five carbon sources (methanol, ethanol, sodium acetate, sodium propinoate and glucose), except for glucose, were used as electron donor.

Studies on a chlorogenic acid-producing endophytic fungi isolated from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver.

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is a traditional medicinal plant of China, and it is one of the main sources of chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid is an ester of caffeic acid, quinic acid, and a phenolic compound that has antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and antitumor activities. The purpose of this study was to determine whether endophytic fungi isolated from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver had the same ability to produce chlorogenic acid.

A complete set of material properties of single domain 0.26Pb(In(12)Nb(12))O(3)-0.46Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-0.28PbTiO(3) single crystals.

Pb(In(12)Nb(12))O(3)-Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystals have been developed recently, which can increase the operating temperature by at least 20 degrees C compared to PMN-PT crystals. We have measured a complete set of material properties of single domain PIN-PMN-PT crystal, which is urgently needed in theoretical studies and electromechanical device designs using this crystal. Because the rotated values of d33*=1122 pCN and k33*=89% along [001](c) calculated using the single domain data obtained here are in good agreement with the [001](c) poled multidomain PIN-PMN-PT crystals, one may conclude that the physical origin of the ultrahigh piezoelectric properties mainly come from orientation effect.

Nitrogen removal via nitrite from municipal landfill leachate.

A system consisting of a two-stage up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), an anoxic/aerobic (A/O) reactor and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), was used to treat landfill leachate. During operation, denitrification and methanogenesis took place simultaneously in the first stage UASB, and the effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was further removed in the second stage UASB. Then the denitrification of nitrite and nitrate in the returned sludge by using the residual COD was accomplished in the A/O reactor, and ammonia was removed via nitrite in it.

[Safety and immunogenicity of measles attenuated live vaccine prepared by master seed lot vaccine of Shanghai-191 strain].

Objective: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a new measles vaccine prepared by master seed lot original vaccine of Shanghai-191 strain.

Methods: According to selection and exclusion criteria, 8-10-month healthy children, who have no history of measles, measles vaccine inoculation and vaccination contraindication were selected. The children selected were vaccinated 0.

Complete set of material constants of Pb(In(12)Nb(12))O(3)-Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-PbTiO(3)single crystal with morphotropic phase boundary composition.

Using combined resonance and ultrasonic methods, a full set of material constants has been measured for morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition xPb(In(12)Nb(12))O(3)-(1-x-y)Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-yPbTiO(3) (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystals poled along [001](c). Compared with the MPB composition (1-x)Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-xPbTiO(3) (PMN-PT) single crystals, the PIN-PMN-PT single crystals have smaller anisotropy, higher Curie temperature (T(c) approximately 197 degrees C), and higher rhombohedral to tetragonal phase transition temperature (T(R-T) approximately 96 degrees C). The electromechanical properties obtained here are the best found so far for this ternary system with d(33) approximately 2742 pCN, d(31) approximately -1337 pCN, k(33) approximately 95%, and k(31) approximately 65%.

[Chemical constituents from Xanthium mongolicum].

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Xanthium mongolicum.

Method: The compounds were isolated with column chromatography. The structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques.

Characterization of hard piezoelectric lead-free ceramics.

K4CuNb8O23 doped K(0.45)Na(0.55)NbO3(KNNKCN) ferroelectric ceramics were found to exhibit asymmetrical polarization hysteresis loops, related to the development of an internal bias field.

[Partial nitrification of digested sludge liquor with low C/N and high-concentration ammonia].

The experimental system consisted of anoxic filter and aerobic suspended carrier biofilm reactor. The partial nitrification was achieved and maintained stably in the aerobic reactor under normal temperature (15-29 degrees C) and high DO (6-9 mg/L). The nitritation with 70%-80% nitrite accumulation efficiency was obtained when FA concentration was in the range of 1.