Environmentally relevant concentrations of Mn disrupts the endocrine regulation of growth in juvenile Yunlong groupers (Epinephelus moara♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂).

Even though manganese is a bioelement essential for metabolism, excessive manganese levels in water can be detrimental to fish development and growth. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Mn (0, 0.5,1, 2, and 4 mg·L) exposure for 30 d on the growth performance, growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, and monoaminergic neurotransmitters of Epinephelus moara♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂(Yunlong grouper).