* High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to assess emodin levels, with accompanying mathematical models to evaluate measurement uncertainty.
* The final emodin concentrations were established as 0.40% in rhubarb, 1.15% in alcohol extract, and 0.16% in water extract, providing reliable reference standards for quality control in traditional Chinese medicine.
* The new compounds, particularly chlorajaponilides A and B, are noted for having unique structural features, including a hydroxy group and a double bond that had not been previously identified in this class of compounds.
* Certain analogues, like Shizukaol B, demonstrated strong anti-HIV-1 activity against both wild-type and resistant strains, along with significant cytotoxicity in specific cell lines, showcasing their potential for therapeutic applications.