Imaging Assessment of the Pituitary Gland and Long-Term Endocrinological Abnormalities in Pediatric Brain Cancer Survivors.

Background: Pediatric brain cancer survivors often experience hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction due to cranial irradiation and chemotherapy. While hormone deficiencies have been studied, the changes in pituitary size and shape on long-term MRI and their relationship to endocrine dysfunction remain under-explored.

Purpose: To evaluate pituitary gland height, volume, and shape in relation to long-term endocrine abnormalities in pediatric brain tumor survivors.

Neonatal Brain MRI: Periventricular Germinal Matrix Mimicking Hypoxic-ischemic White Matter Injuries.

Purpose: As pregnancy progresses, the germinal matrix volume decreases. Residual periventricular germinal matrix may be mistaken for hypoxic-ischemic white matter injury. This study aims to determine the prevalence and imaging characteristics of these findings.

Generative pre-trained transformer (GPT)-4 support for differential diagnosis in neuroradiology.

Background: Differential diagnosis in radiology relies on the accurate identification of imaging patterns. The use of large language models (LLMs) in radiology holds promise, with many potential applications that may enhance the efficiency of radiologists' workflow. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of generative pre-trained transformer (GPT)-4, a LLM, in providing differential diagnoses in neuroradiology, comparing its performance with board-certified neuroradiologists.

A comprehensive protocol for quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the brain at 3 Tesla.

Quantitative MRI (qMRI) has been shown to be clinically useful for numerous applications in the brain and body. The development of rapid, accurate, and reproducible qMRI techniques offers access to new multiparametric data, which can provide a comprehensive view of tissue pathology. This work introduces a multiparametric qMRI protocol along with full postprocessing pipelines, optimized for brain imaging at 3 Tesla and using state-of-the-art qMRI tools.

Predictive factors for radiation-induced pituitary damage in pediatric patients with brain tumors.

Background And Purpose: Multiple studies demonstrated hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in survivors of pediatric brain tumors. However, few studies investigated the trajectories of pituitary height in these patients and their associations with pituitary function. We aimed to evaluate longitudinal changes of pituitary height in children and adolescents with brain tumors, and their association with endocrine deficiencies.

Assessment of glymphatic dysfunction in pediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension: insights from quantitative diffusivity and perivascular spaces analysis-a case-control study.

Background: The impaired drainage of cerebrospinal fluid through the glymphatic system is thought to play a role in the idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) pathophysiology. Limited data exist regarding the glymphatic system's involvement in pediatric patients with IIH. Therefore, the study's objective was to quantitatively evaluate alterations in parenchymal diffusivity and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-visible dilated perivascular spaces (PVS) as imaging indicators of glymphatic dysfunction in pediatric patients with IIH.

Ocular venous occlusion in pediatrics: Should thrombophilia investigation and anticoagulant treatment be initiated?

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis (SOVT) are rare diseases in the pediatric population; however, the ophthalmic and neurologic morbidity are significant. As published data are scarce for these conditions, we present our experience with pediatric ocular venous thrombosis in four patients, and discuss recommended management for evaluation and treatment. We suggest performing thrombophilia workup for all pediatric patients with RVO or SOVT.

Effect of magnet strength on fetal brain biometry - a single-center retrospective MRI-based cohort study.

Purpose: Abnormal fetal brain measurements might affect clinical management and parental counseling. The effect of between-field-strength differences was not evaluated in quantitative fetal brain imaging until now. Our study aimed to compare fetal brain biometry measurements in 3.

Effect of General Anesthesia on MR Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in the Pediatric Population.

Background: Papilledema is thought to be the hallmark sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Distension of the subarachnoid space within the optic nerve sheath is also commonly reported in MR studies as an indirect sign of increased ICP.

Hypothesis: General anesthesia and positive pressure ventilation might result in changes in optic sheath diameter (OSD) observed on clinical brain MRI.

Psychophysical Evaluation of Visual vs. Computer-Aided Detection of Brain Lesions on Magnetic Resonance Images.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis is usually performed by analyzing contrast-weighted images, where pathology is detected once it reached a certain visual threshold. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) has been proposed as a way for achieving higher sensitivity to early pathology.

Purpose: To compare conventional (i.

Neurite density of white matter significantly correlates with tuberous sclerosis complex disease severity.

Objective: To assess whether white matter (WM) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) derived measures correlate with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) disease severity.

Cohort And Methods: A multi-shell diffusion protocol was added to the clinical MRI brain scans of thirteen patients including 6 males and 7 females with a mean ± std age of 17.2 ± 5.

Fetal and neonatal brain injury in twins complicated by twin anemia polycythemia sequence.

Objectives: To determine the rate of fetal and neonatal brain lesions and define risk factors for such lesions in pregnancies complicated by Twin Anemia Polycythemia Sequence (TAPS).

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of monochorionic twin pregnancies which were diagnosed with TAPS in a single tertiary medical center between 2013 and 2021. Pregnancies were followed with fetal brain neurosonogram every 2 weeks and fetal brain MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) was performed when indicated at 28-32 weeks of gestation; post-natal brain imaging included neonatal brain ultrasound.

Anisotropic neural deblurring for MRI acceleration.

Purpose: MRI has become the tool of choice for brain imaging, providing unrivalled contrast between soft tissues, as well as a wealth of information about anatomy, function, and neurochemistry. Image quality, in terms of spatial resolution and noise, is strongly dependent on acquisition duration. A typical brain MRI scan may last several minutes, with total protocol duration often exceeding 30 minutes.

3.0 Tesla normative diffusivity in 3rd trimester fetal brain.

Purpose: Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in the developing fetus provide valuable information on the diagnosis and prognosis of prenatal brain pathologies. Normative ADC data has been previously established in 1.5 T MR scanners but lacking in 3.

Brain Motor Region Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Patients with Catatonic Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study.

Background: Only a small proportion of schizophrenia patients present with catatonic symptoms. Imaging studies suggest that brain motor circuits are involved in the underlying pathology of catatonia. However, data about diffusivity dysregulation of these circuits in catatonic schizophrenia are scarce.

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of fetal temporal lobe T2 signal in cytomegalovirus infected fetuses and normal controls.

Background: Temporal lobe T2 hyperintensity has been described in association with prenatal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on fetal MRI. However, these findings are often perplexing with high inter-observer variability. Our objective was to evaluate temporal lobe T2 signal quantitatively in prenatal CMV infection.

Comparison of lateral neck X-ray to neck CT in patients with suspicious bone impaction: "Old habits die hard".

Objective: Bone impaction (BI) is a common cause for emergency room visits. Among foreign bodies, fish bone is considered the most common. The sensitivity of symptoms in predicting BI is relatively low, making imaging a central tool to aid diagnosis.

Prediction of tuberous sclerosis-associated neurocognitive disorders and seizures via machine learning of structural magnetic resonance imaging.

Purpose: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder characterized by multiorgan hamartomas, including cerebral lesions, with seizures as a common presentation. Most TSC patients will also experience neurocognitive comorbidities. Our objective was to use machine learning techniques incorporating clinical and imaging data to predict the occurrence of major neurocognitive disorders and seizures in TSC patients.

18F-FDG PET-CT postoperative changes after maxillectomy: Findings and pitfalls in interpretation.

Objective: We investigated the findings and pitfalls of FDG-PET/CT scanning after maxillectomy with reconstruction/rehabilitation procedures, in patients with head and neck malignancies treated during nine years at one tertiary medical centre.

Methods: Fourteen patients (10 males), aged 22-84 years, underwent 17 reconstruction/rehabilitation maxillectomy surgeries and 35 PET/CT scans. Postoperative PET/CT findings were correlated with clinical and imaging follow-up.

Herpes simplex encephalitis in a patient with a distinctive form of inherited IFNAR1 deficiency.

Inborn errors of TLR3-dependent IFN-α/β- and IFN-λ-mediated immunity in the CNS can underlie herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE). The respective contributions of IFN-α/β and IFN-λ are unknown. We report a child homozygous for a genomic deletion of the entire coding sequence and part of the 3'-UTR of the last exon of IFNAR1, who died of HSE at the age of 2 years.

Reversible parenchymal ischemic injury on fetal brain MRI following fetoscopic laser coagulation-Implication on parental counseling.

We present a case of reversible extensive ischemic injury seen on fetal-brain MRI in a fetus following laser coagulation performed for treatment of severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome twin-twin transfusion syndrome. A 32-year-old pregnant mother presented with twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Following fetoscopic laser coagulation, intrauterine fetal death of the donor fetus was diagnosed.

Midazolam and isoflurane combination reduces late brain damage in the paraoxon-induced status epilepticus rat model.

Organophosphates (OPs) are widely used as pesticides and have been employed as warfare agents. OPs inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to over-stimulation of cholinergic synapses and can cause status epilepticus (SE). OPs poisoning can result in irreversible brain damage and death.